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Drug and Driving: A Compendium of Research Studies

Drugs and Driving References

  • Adlaf, E.M., Mann, R.E. & Paglia, A. (2003) Drinking, cannabis use and driving among Ontario students. Canadian Medical Association Journal 168: 565-566.
  • Alvarez, F.J. (2004) Medicinal drugs and driving among Spaniards: data from a national survey. In: J. Oliver, P. Williams and A. Clayton (Eds) Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety (CD). Glasgow: Scottish Executive.
  • Assum, T. (2004) Drug use among car drivers in Norway.  Data collection problems and some preliminary results. In: J. Oliver, P. Williams and A. Clayton (Eds) Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety (CD). Glasgow: Scottish Executive.
  • Bachs, L., Bramness, J. and Skurtveit, S. (2004) Blood morphine concentrations and clinical impairment in a population of suspected drugged drivers. In: J. Oliver, P. Williams and A. Clayton (Eds) Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety (CD). Glasgow: Scottish Executive.
  • Barbone, F; McMahon, AD; Davey, PG; Morris, AD; Reid, IC; McDevitt, DG; and MacDonald, TM. (1998). Association of road-traffic accidents with benzodiazepine use. Lancet 352 (9137): 1331-6.
  • Bates, M.N. and Blakely, T.A. (1999) Role of cannabis in motor vehicle crashes. Epidemiology Review 21: 222-232.
  • Behrensdorff, I. and Steentoft, A. (2003) Medicinal and illegal drugs among Danish car drivers.  Accident Analysis and Prevention 35(6): 851-860.
  • Beirness, D.J., Simpson, H.M. & Desmond, K. (2004) The Road Safety Monitor 2004. Drinking and Driving. Ottawa: Traffic Injury Research Foundation.
  • Beirness, D.J., Simpson, H.M. & Desmond, K. (2003) The Road Safety Monitor 2002. Drugs and Driving. Ottawa: Traffic Injury Research Foundation.
  • Bernhoft, I.M. and Steentoft, A. (2002) Licit and Illicit drugs among Danish car drivers. In: D.R. Mayhew and C. Dussault (Eds) Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety. Quebec: Société de l’Assurance Automobile du Québec.
  • Bernhoft, I.M. Steentoft, A., Johansen, S. and Klitgaard, N.A. (2004) A qualitative analysis of drugs as a contributing factor to accidents in Denmark. In: J. Oliver, P. Williams and A. Clayton (Eds) Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety (CD). Glasgow: Scottish Executive.
  • Boase, P., Dawson, N. and Mann, R. (2004) Cannabis and road safety in Canada: Summary of information on cannabis found in drivers & recent legislative developments. In: J. Oliver, P. Williams and A. Clayton (Eds.) Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety (CD). Glasgow: Scottish Executive.
  • Bramness, J.G., Skurtveit, S. and Morland, J. (2002) Clinical impairment of benzodiazepines - Relation between benzodiazepine concentrations and impairment in apprehended drivers. In: D.R. Mayhew and C. Dussault (Eds.) Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety. Quebec: Société de l’Assurance Automobile du Québec.
  • Buttress, S., Tunbridge, R., Oliver, J.S., Torrance, H. and Wylie, F. (2004) The Incidence of Drink and Drug Driving in the UK - A Roadside Survey in Glasgow. In: J. Oliver, P. Williams and A. Clayton (Eds) Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety (CD). Glasgow: Scottish Executive.
  • Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (2003) Cannabis Use and Driving Among Ontario Adults. Population Studies eBulletin, no. 20, May/June 2003.
  • Chipman, M.L., Macdonald, S., and Mann, R.E. (2003) Being "at fault" in traffic crashes: does alcohol, cannabis, cocaine, or polydrug abuse make a difference? Injury Prevention 9: 343-348.
  • Christophersen, A.S. (2002) The role of medicines in traffic accidents in the European countries. In: D.R. Mayhew and C. Dussault (Eds) Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety. Quebec: Société de l’Assurance Automobile du Québec.
  • Christophersen, A.S. and Mørland, J. (1997) Drugged driving, a review based on the experience in Norway. Journal of Drug and Alcohol Dependence 47:125-135.
  • Cusack, D.A., Harrington, G., Furney, P., Flynn, K. and Leavy C.P. (2002) Driving under the influence of drugs in Ireland: A growing and significant danger. In: D.R. Mayhew and C. Dussault (Eds) Proceedings of the Annual Conference on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety. Quebec: Société de l’Assurance Automobile du Québec.
  • de Gier, J.J. (1998) Road Traffic and Illicit Drugs.  Strasbourg, France:  European Commission, Co-operation Group to Combat Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking of Drugs (Pompidou Group).
  • de Gier, JJ. (2000). Review of European investigations of illicit drug prevalence in traffic. In: 15th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs & Traffic Safety. May 22-26, 2000. Stockholm, Sweden. International Council on Alcohol, Drugs & Traffic Safety.
  • del Rio, M.C. and Alvarez, F.J. (2000) Presence of illegal drugs in drivers involved in fatal road traffic accidents in Spain. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 57: 177-182.
  • Drummer, O. (1995). Drugs and accident risk in fatally-injured drivers. In: T95. Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety. August 13-August 18, 1995. Adelaide, Australia. Adelaide: NHMRC, Road Accident Unit, University of Adelaide.
  • Drummer, O.H., Gerostamoulos, J., Batziris, H., Chu, M, Caplehorn, J., Robertson, M.D., Swann, P. (2004) The involvement of drugs in drivers of motor vehicles killed in Australian road traffic crashes Accident Analysis & Prevention; 36(2): 239-248.
  • Dussault, C; Lemire, AM; Bouchard, J; and Brault. M. (2000). Drug use among Quebec drivers: The 1999 roadside survey. In: 15th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs & Traffic Safety. May 22-26, 2000. Stockholm, Sweden. International Council on Alcohol, Drugs & Traffic Safety.
  • Dussault, C., Brault, M., Bouchard, J. and Lemire, A.M. (2002) The Contribution of Alcohol and Other Drugs Among Fatally Injured Drivers in Quebec: Some Preliminary Results.  In: D.R. Mayhew and C. Dussault (Eds) Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety. Quebec: Société de l’Assurance Automobile du Québec.
  • Fergusson, D.M. and Horwood, L.J. (2001) Cannabis use and traffic accidents in a birth cohort of young adults. Accident Analysis & Prevention 33: 703-711.
  • Gemmell, C.; Moran, R.; Crowley, J.; and Courtney, R. (1999).  Literature Review on the Relation between Drug Use, Impaired Driving and Traffic Accidents.  CT.97.EP.14.  Lisbon, Portugal:  European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction.
  • Gerostamoulos, J., McCaffrey, P., Drummer, O.H., Potter, J., Fitzgerald, M. and Odell, M. (2002) Drug prevalence in road trauma victims in Victoria. In: D.R. Mayhew and C. Dussault (Eds) Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety. Quebec: Société de l’Assurance Automobile du Québec.
  • Gjerde, H; Beylich, K; and Morland, J. (1993). Incidence of alcohol and drugs in fatally injured car drivers in Norway. Accident Analysis and Prevention 25(4): 479-483.
  • Hemmelgarn, B; Suissa, S; Huang, A; Bolvin , JF; and Pinard, G. (1997). Benzodiazepine use and risk of motor vehicle crash in the elderly. Journal of the American Medical Association 278: 27-31.
  • Ingram, D., Lancaster, B. and Hope, S. (2000) Recreational Drugs and Driving: Prevalence Survey.Edinburgh: The Scottish Executive Central Research Unit.
  • Jeffery, W.K., Hindmarsh, K.W. and Mullen, P.W. (1996) The involvement of drugs in driving in Canada: An update to 1994. Canadian Society of Forensic Sciences Journal 29: 93-98.
  • Johansen, S.S. (2002) Ecstasy and designer amphetamines findings in drivers and post-mortem cases in Denmark. In: D.R. Mayhew and C. Dussault (Eds) Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety. Quebec: Société de l’Assurance Automobile du Québec.
  • Jones, R.K.; Shinar, D.; and Walsh, J.M. (2003) State of Knowledge of Drug-Impaired Driving.  DOT HS 809 642.  Washington, DC.:  U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. 
  • Kelly, E., Darke, S. and Ross, J. (2004) A review of drug use and driving: epidemiology, impairment, risk factors and risk perceptions. Drug and Alcohol Review 23: 319-344.
  • Krüger, HP; Schulz, E; and Magerl, H. (1995). The German roadside survey 1992-1994. Saliva analyses from an unselected driver population: Licit and illicit drugs. In: TS-'95. Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety. August 13-August 18, 1995. Adelaide, Australia. Adelaide: NHMRC, Road Accident Unit, University of Adelaide.
  • Lillis, RP; Good, RG; Kwong, T; Gajary, E; and States, JD. (1999). Incidence of drug use among drivers treated in emergency departments. In: 43rd Annual Proceedings of the Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. September 20-21, 1999. Barcelona, Spain. Rochester University, NY: Association of the Advancement of Automotive Medicine.
  • Logan, BK and Schwilke, EW. (1996). Drug and alcohol use in fatally injured drivers in Washington State. Journal of Forensic Sciences 41(3): 505-510.
  • Logan, BK and Schwilke, EW. (2004) Changing patterns of alcohol and drug use in Fatally Injured Drivers in Washington State 1992-2002. In: J. Oliver, P. Williams and A. Clayton (Eds) Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety (CD). Glasgow: Scottish Executive.
  • Longo, MC; Hunter, CE; Lokan, RJ; White, JM; and White, MA. (2000) The prevalence of alcohol, cannabinoids, benzodiazepines and stimulants amongst injured drivers and their role in driver culpability - Part I: the prevalence of drug use in drivers, and characteristics of the drug-positive group. Accident Analysis and Prevention 32(5): 613-622.
  • Maio, R.F.; Guthrie, S.K.; Hill, E.M.; Gregor, M.A.; Waller, P.F.; and Blow, F.C. (2000)  Benzodiazepine, alcohol and other drug use among injured motor vehicle crash drivers.  In:  Proceedings of the 44th Annual Conference of the Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine, pp. 505-507.  Des Plaines, IL: Association of the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. 
  • Mann, R.E., Brands, B., Macdonald, S. and Stoduto, G. (2003) Impacts of cannabis on driving: an analysis of current evidence with an emphasis on Canadian data. Report TP 14179E. Ottawa: Transport Canada.
  • Marquet, P; Delpla, P-A; Kerguelen, S; Bremond, J; Facy, F; Garnier, M; Guery, B; Lhermitte, M; Mathe, D; Pelissier, A-L; Renaudeau, C; Vest, P; and Seguela, J-P. (1998). Prevalence of drugs of abuse in urine of drivers involved in road accidents in France: A collaborative study. Journal of Forensic Sciences 43(4): 806-811.
  • Mercer, GW and Jeffery, WK. (1995). Alcohol, drugs, and impairment in fatal traffic accidents in British Columbia. Accident Analysis and Prevention 27(3): 335-343.
  • Mørland, J., Ripel, Å. and Øgaard, T. (2002) Methadone detections in blood samples from apprehended drugged drivers. In: D.R. Mayhew and C. Dussault (Eds) Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety. Quebec: Société de l’Assurance Automobile du Québec.
  • Movig, K. L. L., Mathijssen, M. P. M., Nagel, P. H. A., van Egmond, T., de Gier, J. J., Leufkens, H. G. M., & Egberts, A. C. G. (2004)Psychoactive substance use and the risk of motor vehicle accidents. Accident Analysis and Prevention 36: 631-636.
  • Neale, J., McKeganey, N., Hay, G. and Oliver, J. (2000) Recreational Drug Use and Driving: A Qualitative Study. Edinburgh: the Scottish Executive Central Research Unit.
  • Neutel, C. (1995) Risk of traffic accident injury after a prescription for benzodiazepine. Annals of Epidemiology 5(3): 239-244.
  • Parliamentary Travelsafe Committee (1999) Drug Driving in Queensland. Legislative Assembly of Queensland.
  • Potter, J. (2000). Drugs and Driving in Australia. Sydney: Austroads.
  • Ramaekers, J. G., Berghaus, G., van Laar M., and Drummer, O. H. (2004). Dose related risk of motor vehicle crashes after cannabis use. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 73: 109-119.
  • Risser, D; Stichenwirth, M; Klupp, N; Schneider, B; Stimpfl, T; Bycudilik, W; and Bauer, G. (1998). Drugs and driving in Vienna, Austria. Journal of Forensic Sciences 43(4): 827-820.
  • Schepens, PJ; Pauwels, A; Van Damme, P; Musuku, A; Beaucourt, L; and Selala, MI. (1998). Drugs of abuse and alcohol in weekend drivers involved in car crashes in Belgium. Annals of Emergency Medicine 31(5): 633-637.
  • Sexton, B.F., Tunbridge, R.J., Board, A., Jackson, P.G., Wright, K., Stark, M.M., and Englehart, K. (2002).  The Influence of Cannabis and Alcohol on Driving.  TRL Report 543.  Crowthorne, England: Transport Research Laboratory.
  • Sjögren, H; Bjoernstig, U; Eriksson, A; Oehman, U; and Solarz, A. (1997). Drug and alcohol use among injured motor vehicle drivers in Sweden: prevalence, driver, crash, and injury characteristics. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 21(6): 968-973.
  • Skurtveit, S., Christophersen, A.S. and Mørland, J. (1999) Increase in driving under influence of amphetamine. Journal of Traffic Medicine 27: 17-24.
  • Soderstrom, C.A., Kearns, T.J., Kufera, J.A. and Dischinger, P.C. (2002) Alcohol and drug use among a large cohort of injured vehicular occupants and pedestrians treated in a trauma center. In: D.R. Mayhew and C. Dussault (Eds) Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety. Quebec: Société de l’Assurance Automobile du Québec.
  • Steentoft, A and Worm, K. (1996). Drugs in Danish traffic cases where no alcohol was found present. Journal of Traffic Medicine 24(3-4): 73-76.
  • Stoduto, G; Vingilis, E; Kapur, BM; Sheu, WJ; McLellan, BA; and Liban, CB. (1993). Alcohol and drug use among motor vehicle collision victims admitted to a regional trauma unit: demographic, injury, and crash characteristics. Accident Analysis and Prevention 25(4): 411-420.
  • Swann, P. (2000). The real risk of being killed when driving whilst impaired by cannabis. In: 15th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs & Traffic Safety. May 22-26, 2000. Stockholm, Sweden. International Council on Alcohol, Drugs & Traffic Safety.
  • Thomas, R.E. (1998) Benzodiazepam use and motor vehicle accidents -- systematic review of reported association. Canadian Family Physician 44: 799-808.
  • Townsend, TN; Lane, J; Dewa, CS; and Brittingham, AM. (1998). Driving after drug or alcohol use; findings from the 1996 national household survey on drug abuse. (SMA) 99-3273. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
  • Tunbridge, R.J., Keigan, M., and James, F.J. (2002) A comparison of the incidence of drugs in drink drivers in fatal road casualties. In: D.R. Mayhew and C. Dussault (Eds) Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety. Quebec: Société de l’Assurance Automobile du Québec.
  • Walsh, G. & Mann, R.E. (1999) On the high-road: Driving under the influence of cannabis in Ontario.  Canadian Journal of Public Health 90: 260-263.
  • Ward, NJ and Dye, L. (1999). Cannabis and Driving: a literature review and commentary. Road Safety Research Report, No. 12. London: Department for Transport, Local Government and the Regions.
  • Zancaner, S; Georgetti, R; Fenato, F; Rossi, A; Tedeschi, L; Snenghi, R; Frison, G; Montisci, F; Tagliaro, F; Meroni, M; Giron, G; Marigo, M; and Ferrara, S. (1995). Psychoactive substances and driving disability: Epidemiological roadside surveys in north-east Italy. In: TS-'95. Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety. August 13-August 18, 1995. Adelaide, Australia. Adelaide: NHMRC, Road Accident Unit, University of Adelaide.
Date Modified: 2011-12-05

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