- Endnote 1
-
Correctional Investigator Annual Report 2019-2020 at p. 20.
Return to endnote 1 referrer
- Endnote 2
-
“A Case Study of Diversity in Corrections: The Black Inmate Experience in Federal Penitentiaries Final Report” at https://www.oci-bec.gc.ca/cnt/rpt/oth-aut/oth-aut20131126-eng.aspx
Return to endnote 2 referrer
- Endnote 3
-
R. v. Theriault 2021 ONCA 517 at para 143. See also R. v. Anderson 2021 NSCA 62 at paras 66, 97. Justice Derrick concluded: “The history of slavery and racism, the trauma of marginalization and exclusion, discrimination and injustice are the threads that woven together are the fabric of the lives of many African Nova Scotian offenders.” Ibid at para 102; R. v. Morris 2021 ONCA 680 at para 1.
Return to endnote 3 referrer
- Endnote 4
-
Innocence Canada Submissions July 2021 at p. 133.
Return to endnote 4 referrer
- Endnote 5
-
Bruce MacFarlane, Convicting the Innocent: A Triple Failure of the Justice System, (2006) 31 Man. L. J. 403 at 487.
Return to endnote 5 referrer
- Endnote 6
-
Innocence Canada News release Oct 28, 2020 at https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/family-members-of-christine-jessop-demand-independent-review-of-murder-investigation-842071759.html
Return to endnote 6 referrer
- Endnote 7
-
Debra Parkes and Emma Cunliffe, Women and Wrongful Conviction: Concepts and Challenges, (2015) 11 Int. J. of Law in Context 219; Amanda Carling, A Way to Reduce Indigenous Overrepresentation: Prevent False Guilty Pleas, (2017) 64 C.L.Q. 415.
Return to endnote 7 referrer
- Endnote 8
-
For a justification of this approach see Kent Roach, The Wrongful Conviction of Indigenous People in Australia and Canada, (2015) 17 Flinders L.J. 203 at 223-228.
Return to endnote 8 referrer
- Endnote 9
-
Viscount Runciman, The Royal Commission on Criminal Justice, (London: HMSO, 1993) Cm 2263.
Return to endnote 9 referrer
- Endnote 10
-
For a valuable overview see Federal Provincial Territorial Heads of Prosecution Sub-Committee, Innocence at Stake: The Need for Continued Vigilance to Prevent Wrongful Convictions in Canada, (2018) at https://www.ppsc-sppc.gc.ca/eng/pub/is-ip/index.html
Return to endnote 10 referrer
- Endnote 11
-
R. v. Unger [2005] MBQB 238 at para 33 (“The larger problem for Mr. Unger, and indeed for any inmate who is protesting his or her innocence, is the refusal to admit to the offending behaviour, because obtaining a favourable report [from correctional or parole officials] depends upon accepting responsibility for the criminal conduct and taking treatment to prevent a recurrence of that behaviour.”; R. v. Skiffington 2019 BCSC 178 at para 63 (“a strong case can be made that the sole or at least primary reason the applicant is not currently in the community on structured release is his continued assertion of innocence, and desire to have his conviction reviewed.”
Return to endnote 11 referrer
- Endnote 12
-
United States of America v. Burns and Rafay 2001 SCC 7.
Return to endnote 12 referrer
- Endnote 13
-
See for example Carolyn Hoyle and Mai Sato, Reasons to Doubt: Wrongful Convictions and the Criminal Cases Review Commission, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019); Kent Roach “Exceptional Procedures to Correct Miscarriages of Justices in Common Law Systems” in Darryl K. Brown, Jenia Turner, and Bettina Weisser, The Oxford Handbook of the Criminal Process, (New York: Oxford University Press, 2019)
Return to endnote 13 referrer
- Endnote 14
-
For example, see Narissa Somji “A Comparative Study of the Post-Conviction Review Process in Canada and the United Kingdom” (2012) 58 C.L.Q. 137.
Return to endnote 14 referrer
- Endnote 15
-
FPT HP submission, p. 6.
Return to endnote 15 referrer
- Endnote 16
-
FPT HP submission, p.18.
Return to endnote 16 referrer
- Endnote 17
-
The applications to the Minister have increased in recent years but in each of 2015 and 2016, the Minister only received 5 completed applications each year. In each of 2011 and 2013, it received only 3 complete applications. See Annual Reports for Applications for Ministerial Review at https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/cj-jp/ccr-rc/index.html
Return to endnote 17 referrer
- Endnote 18
-
We say seem because in other parts of its submission the group seems to support the existing standard of a miscarriage of justice likely having occurred as “knowable, is understood and is sufficiently stringent so as to reconcile any competing interests as to the outcome. We recommend that the standard as reflected in the current regime remain.” FPT HP submission at 12.
Return to endnote 18 referrer
- Endnote 19
-
FPT HP submission, p. 11.
Return to endnote 19 referrer
- Endnote 20
-
Criminal Lawyers Association submission, p. 4.
Return to endnote 20 referrer
- Endnote 21
-
FPT HP submission, p. 13.
Return to endnote 21 referrer
- Endnote 22
-
FPT HP submission. p. 15.
Return to endnote 22 referrer
- Endnote 23
-
R. v. Phillion [2003] O.J. 3422; R. v. Driskell 2004 MBQB 3; R. v. Mullins-Johnson unreported Sept 21, 2005; R. v. Unger 2005 MBQB 238; Ostrowski v. The Queen 2009 MBQB 327; R. v. Assoun 2014 NSSC 419; R. v. Skiffington 2019 BCSC 178.
Return to endnote 23 referrer
- Endnote 24
-
FPT HP submission, p. 10.
Return to endnote 24 referrer
- Endnote 25
-
Criminal Appeal Act 1995 c.35 ss.17(4) and 18(4). This issue will be discussed infra and suggestions will be made about a statutory structure that would give the Commission access to privileged material while placing restrictions on disclosure designed to protect the privilege.
Return to endnote 25 referrer
- Endnote 26
-
FPT HP submission, p. 10.
Return to endnote 26 referrer
- Endnote 27
-
Kent Roach, The Role of Innocence Commissions: Error Discovery, Systemic Reform or Both? (2010) 85 Chicago-Kent L.,Rev. 89; Keith Findlay, Learning from our Mistakes: A Criminal Justice Commission to Study Wrongful Convictions, (2002) 38 Cal. W. L. Rev. 333.
Return to endnote 27 referrer
- Endnote 28
-
Report on the Commission of Inquiry into the Wrongful Conviction of David Milgaard (2008) at p. 411.
Return to endnote 28 referrer
- Endnote 29
-
Roberts v. British Columbia (Attorney General), 2021 BCCA 346 at paras 57-60.
Return to endnote 29 referrer
- Endnote 30
-
Albon v. Ontario 2019 ONSC 3372 at para 112.
Return to endnote 30 referrer
- Endnote 31
-
Albon v. Ontario 2019 ONSC 3372 at paras 110-111.
Return to endnote 31 referrer
- Endnote 32
-
FPT HP submission, p. 18.
Return to endnote 32 referrer
- Endnote 33
-
FPT HP submission, pp. 13-14.
Return to endnote 33 referrer
- Endnote 34
-
Innocence Canada submission, p. 132.
Return to endnote 34 referrer
- Endnote 35
-
FPT HP submission, p. 18.
Return to endnote 35 referrer
- Endnote 36
-
Sir Thomas Thorp, Miscarriages of Justice, (Auckland: Legal Research Foundation, 2005)at p. 57. Only 9% of the applications to the Minister he examined came from Maori whereas at the time they constituted 52% of the New Zealand prison population and only 2% came from Pacific Islanders who constituted 10% of the New Zealand prison population. Ibid at pp. 93-94.
Return to endnote 36 referrer
- Endnote 37
-
Westminster Commission Report on Miscarriages of Justice (2020) at p. 21.
Return to endnote 37 referrer
- Endnote 38
-
Ibid at p. 23.
Return to endnote 38 referrer
- Endnote 39
-
“Departmental Results Report, 2019-20” at https://www.oci-bec.gc.ca/cnt/rpt/drr-rrm/2019-2020/drr-rrm-eng.aspx
Return to endnote 39 referrer
- Endnote 40
-
As will be discussed below, the Minister of Justice can presently hear applications in relation to designation as dangerous or long-term offenders.
Return to endnote 40 referrer
- Endnote 41
-
Innocence Canada submission, p. 130.
Return to endnote 41 referrer
- Endnote 42
-
Innocence Canada submission, p. 44.
Return to endnote 42 referrer
- Endnote 43
-
UBC Innocence Project submission, p. 17.
Return to endnote 43 referrer
- Endnote 44
-
Office of the Federal Ombudsman for Victims of Crime submission, p. 13.
Return to endnote 44 referrer
- Endnote 45
-
Senator Kim Pate submission, p. 10.
Return to endnote 45 referrer
- Endnote 46
-
“If the Minister is satisfied beyond a reasonable doubt or even upon a preponderance of evidence that Steven Truscott is factually innocent of murder, relief should be granted under section 696.3 of the Code. If the Minister is not so satisfied, but concludes that there is new evidence placed before him on this Application which is relevant to the issue of Truscott’s guilt, which is reasonably capable of belief, and which, taken together with the evidence adduced at trial, could reasonably be expected to have affected the verdict, relief should generally also be granted under section 696.3 of the Code…. the existence of new evidence which could reasonably be expected to have affected the verdict may also provide a reasonable basis for concluding that a miscarriage of justice likely has occurred, not because the accused is likely innocent, but because it would be unfair to maintain the accused’s conviction without an opportunity for the trier of fact to consider the new evidence.” Summary of Justice Kaufman’s Report at https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/cj-jp/ccr-rc/sec690-art690/exec.html
Return to endnote 46 referrer
- Endnote 47
-
Re Truscott 2017 ONCA 575 at para 110 noting that miscarriages of justice have been found “on appeals where there was no unfairness at trial, but evidence was admitted on appeal that placed the reliability of the conviction in serious doubt. In these cases, the miscarriage of justice lies not in the conduct of the trial or even the conviction as entered at trial, but rather in maintaining the conviction in the face of new evidence that renders the conviction factually unreliable.”
Return to endnote 47 referrer
- Endnote 48
-
S.C. 1892 c. 29. (Emphasis added.)
Return to endnote 48 referrer
- Endnote 49
-
Commission of Inquiry into the Wrongful Conviction of David Milgaard (2009) Vol 1 at p. 354.
Return to endnote 49 referrer
- Endnote 50
-
S.C. 1953-54 c.51 s. 596.
Return to endnote 50 referrer
- Endnote 51
-
R.S.C. 1970 c.C-34 s. 617 and later re-numbered s. 690 R.S.C. 1985 c. C-46.
Return to endnote 51 referrer
- Endnote 52
-
As quoted in Milgaard Commission supra at p. 359.
Return to endnote 52 referrer
- Endnote 53
-
United States v. Burns and Rafay 2001 SCC 7.
Return to endnote 53 referrer
- Endnote 54
-
McArthur v. Ontario, 2013 ONCA 668 at para 4.
Return to endnote 54 referrer
- Endnote 55
-
Albon v. Ontario, 2019 ONSC 3372 at para 99.
Return to endnote 55 referrer
- Endnote 56
-
Walchuk v. Canada, 2015 FCA 85 at para 29.
Return to endnote 56 referrer
- Endnote 57
-
Ross v. Canada, 2014 FC 338.
Return to endnote 57 referrer
- Endnote 58
-
Winmill v. Canada (Justice), 2015 FC 710 at para 77 (citations omitted) aff’d 2016 FCA 250.
Return to endnote 58 referrer
- Endnote 59
-
Milgaard Commission supra, p. 376.
Return to endnote 59 referrer
- Endnote 60
-
Milgaard Inquiry, supra t p. 364.
Return to endnote 60 referrer
- Endnote 61
-
(Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2018) at 202.
Return to endnote 61 referrer
- Endnote 62
-
Kent Roach, Wrongful Convictions in Canada, (2003) 80 U. Cinn. L. Rev. 1465 at 1475. The criminal caseload was 182,910 in 2017/2018.
Return to endnote 62 referrer
- Endnote 63
-
Regulations Respecting Applications for Ministerial Review SOR 2002/416 s. 2(2).
Return to endnote 63 referrer
- Endnote 64
-
Roberts v. British Columbia (Attorney General), 2021 BCCA 346; Albon v. Ontario (Attorney General), 2019 ONSC 3372 at 109; Winmill v. Canada 2015 FC 710 at para 84; aff’d 2016 FCA 250.
Return to endnote 64 referrer
- Endnote 65
-
Regulations Respecting Applications for Ministerial Review SOR 2002/416 s. 4.
Return to endnote 65 referrer
- Endnote 66
-
Regulations Respecting Applications for Ministerial Review SOR 2002/416 s. 4(1)(b)(i).
Return to endnote 66 referrer
- Endnote 67
-
Ibid s. 5(1).
Return to endnote 67 referrer
- Endnote 68
-
Kerry Scullion, Wrongful Convictions and the Criminal Conviction Review Process Pursuant to Section 696.1 of the Criminal Code, (2004) Can J of Criminology and Crim Justice 189 at p. 194.
Return to endnote 68 referrer
- Endnote 69
-
They expressed concerns about not knowing the Criminal Conviction Review Group’s number of investigators or budget. Innocence Canada submission, at p. 26.
Return to endnote 69 referrer
- Endnote 70
-
Innocence Canada submission, at p. 28.
Return to endnote 70 referrer
- Endnote 71
-
Regulations Respecting Applications for Ministerial Review SOR 2002/416 s.2(2).
Return to endnote 71 referrer
- Endnote 72
-
Innocence Canada submission, p. 30.
Return to endnote 72 referrer
- Endnote 73
-
Professors Sangha and Moles submission, p. 9.
Return to endnote 73 referrer
- Endnote 74
-
Norway Criminal Case Review Commission Annual Report 2019 at p. 3.
Return to endnote 74 referrer
- Endnote 75
-
https://innocencecommission-nc.gov
Return to endnote 75 referrer
- Endnote 76
-
https://www.ccrc.nz/assets/Application-Statistics/11-Infographics_July_2021.pdf
Return to endnote 76 referrer
- Endnote 77
-
https://ccrc.gov.uk/facts-figures/
Return to endnote 77 referrer
- Endnote 78
-
Emma Cunliffe and Gary Edmond, Reviewing Wrongful Convictions in Canada, (2017) 64 C.L.Q, 473 at p. 480.
Return to endnote 78 referrer
- Endnote 79
-
https://www.sccrc.co.uk/case-statistics
Return to endnote 79 referrer
- Endnote 80
-
Mr. Cain was sentenced to one day plus time already served when convicted of manslaughter. R. v. Cain [2011] ONCA 298.
Return to endnote 80 referrer
- Endnote 81
-
Interpreted as requiring less than a probability: R v. Criminal Cases Review Commission (ex parté Pearson) [1999] 3 All ER 498, [2000] 1 Cr App R 141.
Return to endnote 81 referrer
- Endnote 82
-
Innocence Canada submission, pp. 47-48.
Return to endnote 82 referrer
- Endnote 83
-
Milgaard/Lockyer group; David Milgaard’s Independent Review Board Working Group submission, p. 1.
Return to endnote 83 referrer
- Endnote 84
-
We were told that other commissions were subject to general equity statutes or policies within their jurisdiction. One of the present commissioners in England is blind, but a number of representatives from the foreign commissions told us that the commissions lacked diversity in terms of the demographics of their societies and especially of their applicants.
Return to endnote 84 referrer
- Endnote 85
-
https://innocencecommission-nc.gov/commissioners-2/
Return to endnote 85 referrer
- Endnote 86
-
Milgaard/Lockyer group; David Milgaard’s Independent Review Board Working Group submission, p. 6.
Return to endnote 86 referrer
- Endnote 87
-
Ibid, p. 2.
Return to endnote 87 referrer
- Endnote 88
-
Office of the Federal Ombudsman for Victims of Crime submission, p. 2.
Return to endnote 88 referrer
- Endnote 89
-
Canadian Bar Association submission, p. 4.
Return to endnote 89 referrer
- Endnote 90
-
Canadian Race Relations Foundation submission, Recommendation 1.
Return to endnote 90 referrer
- Endnote 91
-
The Advocates Society submission, p. 2.
Return to endnote 91 referrer
- Endnote 92
-
Debra Parkes and Emma Cunliffe, Women and Wrongful Conviction: Concepts and Challenges, (2015) 11 Int. J. of Law in Context 219.
Return to endnote 92 referrer
- Endnote 93
-
Law and Mental Disorder Association submission, p. 2.
Return to endnote 93 referrer
- Endnote 94
-
Innocence Canada submission, p. 92.
Return to endnote 94 referrer
- Endnote 95
-
Women in Canada are violently victimized at twice the rate of men. Indigenous people and those with disabilities are also subject to disproportionate victimization. Adam Cotter, Criminal Victimization in Canada, 2019 at https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/85-002-x/2021001/article/00014-eng.htm
Return to endnote 95 referrer
- Endnote 96
-
Rough assumptions that Maori are 60% of New Zealand’s prison population and 15% of its overall population and Indigenous people are 30% of Canada’s prison population and 5% of its overall population.
Return to endnote 96 referrer
- Endnote 97
-
Canadian Bar Association submission, p. 3.
Return to endnote 97 referrer
- Endnote 98
-
Innocence Canada submission, p. 6.
Return to endnote 98 referrer
- Endnote 99
-
RCMP Act RSC, 1985 c.R-10, s. 45.29(2).
Return to endnote 99 referrer
- Endnote 100
-
National Defence Act, RSC 1985 c. N-5, s. 250.1(7).
Return to endnote 100 referrer
- Endnote 101
-
Criminal Appeals Act, 1995 s. 8(3).
Return to endnote 101 referrer
- Endnote 102
-
Regina (Warner) v. Secretary of State [2020] EWHC 1894 (Admin) at paras 64-66.
Return to endnote 102 referrer
- Endnote 103
-
An Act respecting the Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions S.C. 2006, c. 9, s. 121 s. 4requires that the Minister of Justice submit not more than 10 names to a selection committee composed of a person named by each recognized political party in the House of Commons, someone named by the Federation of Law Societies, the Deputy Ministers of Justice and Public Safety and someone named by the Minister of Justice.
Return to endnote 103 referrer
- Endnote 104
-
Westminster Commission (2021), p. 26.
Return to endnote 104 referrer
- Endnote 105
-
Canadian Civil Liberties Association submission, p. 5.
Return to endnote 105 referrer
- Endnote 106
-
Hoyle and Sato, Reason to Doubt, supra at pp. 258-265.
Return to endnote 106 referrer
- Endnote 107
-
Canadian Bar Association submission, p. 5.
Return to endnote 107 referrer
- Endnote 108
-
Milgaard/Lockyer group; David Milgaard’s Independent Review Board Working Group submission. p.10.
Return to endnote 108 referrer
- Endnote 109
-
Office of the Federal Ombudsman for Victims of Crime submission, p. 4.
Return to endnote 109 referrer
- Endnote 110
-
Canadian Council of Defence Lawyers/ Isabel Schurman, Vice Chair submission, p. 5.
Return to endnote 110 referrer
- Endnote 111
-
Innocence Canada submission, p.134 Recommendation 10.
Return to endnote 111 referrer
- Endnote 112
-
Ibid at p. 3.
Return to endnote 112 referrer
- Endnote 113
-
Criminal Lawyers Association submission, p. 5.
Return to endnote 113 referrer
- Endnote 114
-
Innocence Canada submission, pp. 134-136.
Return to endnote 114 referrer
- Endnote 115
-
Cardiff Innocence Project submission, pp. 1-2.
Return to endnote 115 referrer
- Endnote 116
-
Canadian Bar Association submission, p. 3.
Return to endnote 116 referrer
- Endnote 117
-
Westminster Commission Report (2021), p. 25.
Return to endnote 117 referrer
- Endnote 118
-
Ibid, p. 26.
Return to endnote 118 referrer
- Endnote 119
-
S.C. 1995 c.44 s. 4.
Return to endnote 119 referrer
- Endnote 120
-
R.S.C. 1985 c.F-11.
Return to endnote 120 referrer
- Endnote 121
-
Canadian Bar Association submission, pp. 4-5.
Return to endnote 121 referrer
- Endnote 122
-
Professors Sangha and Moles submission, pp. 16-17.
Return to endnote 122 referrer
- Endnote 123
-
As quoted in Hoyle and Sato, Reason to Doubt, supra, p. 265.
Return to endnote 123 referrer
- Endnote 124
-
S.C. 2002 c.8.
Return to endnote 124 referrer
- Endnote 125
-
Ibid s. 5.
Return to endnote 125 referrer
- Endnote 126
-
Canadian Bar Association submission, p. 3.
Return to endnote 126 referrer
- Endnote 127
-
House of Commons Justice Select Committee Twelfth Report of Session 2014-2015 HC 850 at para 31.
Return to endnote 127 referrer
- Endnote 128
-
Westminster Commission on Miscarriages of Justice, In the Interests of Justice: An Inquiry into the Criminal Cases Review Commission, Feb. 2021, pp.12,27 at https://appgmiscarriagesofjustice.files.wordpress.com/2021/03/westminster-commission-on-miscarriages-of-justice-in-the-interests-of-justice.pdf
Return to endnote 128 referrer
- Endnote 129
-
Ibid at p. 14.
Return to endnote 129 referrer
- Endnote 130
-
ibid at p. 28.
Return to endnote 130 referrer
- Endnote 131
-
Westminster Commission, In the Interests of Justice, supra, p. 48.
Return to endnote 131 referrer
- Endnote 132
-
Professor Carolyn Hoyle evidence to the Westminster Commission Sept 3, 2019 at p. 14 at https://appgmiscarriagesofjustice.wordpress.com/commission-on-miscarriages-of-justice/
Return to endnote 132 referrer
- Endnote 133
-
Gerald Sinclair evidence to the Westminster Commission July 24, 2019 at p. 10 at https://appgmiscarriagesofjustice.files.wordpress.com/2019/08/transcript-of-evidence-session-2-scottish-ccrc-24-july-2019-1.pdf
Return to endnote 133 referrer
- Endnote 134
-
Norwegian Criminal Cases Review Commission Annual Report 2019 (2020) at p. 32.
Return to endnote 134 referrer
- Endnote 135
-
https://innocencecommission-nc.gov/donate/
Return to endnote 135 referrer
- Endnote 136
-
Judges Act, RSC 1985 c.J-1, ss. 26-26.4.
Return to endnote 136 referrer
- Endnote 137
-
Canadian Bar Association submission, pp. 2-3.
Return to endnote 137 referrer
- Endnote 138
-
The Advocates Society submission, p. 1.
Return to endnote 138 referrer
- Endnote 139
-
Westminster Commission, In the Interests of Justice: An Inquiry into the Criminal Cases Review Commission, Feb. 2021, p. 21.
Return to endnote 139 referrer
- Endnote 140
-
Ibid at p. 23.
Return to endnote 140 referrer
- Endnote 141
-
Innocence Canada submission, p. 124.
Return to endnote 141 referrer
- Endnote 142
-
Projet Innocence Québec submission, p. 2.
Return to endnote 142 referrer
- Endnote 143
-
Canadian Bar Association submission, p. 4.
Return to endnote 143 referrer
- Endnote 144
-
Canadian Bar Association submission, p. 6.
Return to endnote 144 referrer
- Endnote 145
-
Canadian Race Relations Foundation submission, p. 4.
Return to endnote 145 referrer
- Endnote 146
-
Innocence Canada submission, p. 136.
Return to endnote 146 referrer
- Endnote 147
-
Canadian Bar Association submission, p. 20.
Return to endnote 147 referrer
- Endnote 148
-
Pauktuutit Inuit Women of Canada submission, p. 2.
Return to endnote 148 referrer
- Endnote 149
-
Office of the Federal Ombudsman for Victims of Crime submission, pp. 16-17.
Return to endnote 149 referrer
- Endnote 150
-
Canadian Human Rights Act, RSC 1985, c.H-6 s. 3(1).
Return to endnote 150 referrer
- Endnote 151
-
Self-identification of personal characteristics is used under the Employment Equity S.C. 1995 c.44, s.9(2), but it will be necessary for the commission to follow best practices used by other criminal justice institutions to collect demographic data. See for example Anti-Racism Act S.O. 2017 c. 15 and O.Reg.267/18.
Return to endnote 151 referrer
- Endnote 152
-
S.C. 1995 c.44 s. 4.
Return to endnote 152 referrer
- Endnote 153
-
Scot Wortley and Maria Jung, Racial Disparity in Arrests and Charges: An analysis of arrest and charge data from the Toronto Police Service, (July 2020), submitted to Ontario Human Rights Commission, at p. 3 (online: http://www.ohrc.on.ca/sites/default/files/Racial%20Disparity%20in%20Arrests%20and%20Charges%20TPS.pdf)
Return to endnote 153 referrer
- Endnote 154
-
Office of the Federal Ombudsman for Victims of Crime submission, p. 5.
Return to endnote 154 referrer
- Endnote 155
-
Canadian Bar Association submission, p. 6.
Return to endnote 155 referrer
- Endnote 156
-
Milgaard/Lockyer group; David Milgaard’s Independent Review Board Working Group, p. 11.
Return to endnote 156 referrer
- Endnote 157
-
Projet Innocence Québec submission, p. 2.
Return to endnote 157 referrer
- Endnote 158
-
UBC Innocence Project submission, p. 8.
Return to endnote 158 referrer
- Endnote 159
-
Law and Mental Disorder Association submission
Return to endnote 159 referrer
- Endnote 160
-
FPT HP submission, p. 14.
Return to endnote 160 referrer
- Endnote 161
-
The Advocates Society submission, p. 2.
Return to endnote 161 referrer
- Endnote 162
-
Criminal Lawyers Association of Canada submission, p. 7 (citations omitted.)
Return to endnote 162 referrer
- Endnote 163
-
Innocence Canada submission, p. 131.
Return to endnote 163 referrer
- Endnote 164
-
R. v. Sipos [2014] 2 SCR 423.
Return to endnote 164 referrer
- Endnote 165
-
Criminal Code s. 761.
Return to endnote 165 referrer
- Endnote 166
-
Steele v. Mountain Institution [1990] 2 SCR 1385.
Return to endnote 166 referrer
- Endnote 167
-
Projet Innocence Québec submission, p. 3.
Return to endnote 167 referrer
- Endnote 168
-
R v Lonechild 2021 S.J. No. 315.
Return to endnote 168 referrer
- Endnote 169
-
Jonathan Rudin, Indigenous People and the Criminal Justice System, (Toronto: Emond Montgomery, 2018) at p. 177.
Return to endnote 169 referrer
- Endnote 170
-
David Milward, Locking Up Those Dangerous Indians for Good: An Examination of Canadian Dangerous Offender Legislation as Applied to Aboriginal Persons, (2014) 51(3) Alberta L. Rev. 619.
Return to endnote 170 referrer
- Endnote 171
-
Criminal Code s. 696.3(3).
Return to endnote 171 referrer
- Endnote 172
-
R. v. Latham 1997 CanLII 1833 (ON CA) Mr. Latham who remained detained at 72 years of age. He lost an application for judicial review to be released because of the COVID 19 epidemic. Latham v. Canada, 2020 FC 670. For another recent decision upholding a parole board decision not to grant a dangerous offender parole on a reasonableness standard see May v. Canada (Attorney General), 2020 FC 292. The Supreme Court has also held that a long-term offender must judicially review a condition imposed on a long-term offender by the Parole Board and not collaterally attack the condition when charged with breaching the condition. R. v. Bird [2019] 1 SCR 409.
Return to endnote 172 referrer
- Endnote 173
-
Criminal Appeal Act, 1995 s. 9(5).
Return to endnote 173 referrer
- Endnote 174
-
Law and Mental Disorder Association submission, p. 2.
Return to endnote 174 referrer
- Endnote 175
-
Dr. Lucinda Vandervort submission, p. 2.
Return to endnote 175 referrer
- Endnote 176
-
Canadian Bar Association submission, p. 7.
Return to endnote 176 referrer
- Endnote 177
-
On the ability of Courts of Appeal to hear new evidence that an NCR verdict should have been rendered in a trial see R. v. Warsing [1998] 3 SCR 579.
Return to endnote 177 referrer
- Endnote 178
-
For example, mental health review boards may not always prepare Gladue reports. Jonathan Rudin, Indigenous People and the Criminal Justice System, (Toronto: Emond Montgomery, 2018) at p.182.
Return to endnote 178 referrer
- Endnote 179
-
Projet Innocence Québec submission, p. 3.
Return to endnote 179 referrer
- Endnote 180
-
FPT HP submission, p. 15.
Return to endnote 180 referrer
- Endnote 181
-
Professors Julian Roberts and Umar Azmeh submission.
Return to endnote 181 referrer
- Endnote 182
-
Laurie Elks, Righting Miscarriages of Justice? 10 years of the CCRC, (London: Justice 2008) 274.
Return to endnote 182 referrer
- Endnote 183
-
Senator Kim Pate submission, p. 10.
Return to endnote 183 referrer
- Endnote 184
-
Pauktuutit Inuit Women of Canada submission, p. 7.
Return to endnote 184 referrer
- Endnote 185
-
On the restrictions placed on Courts of Appeal see R. v. Lacasse [2015] 3 SCR 1089.
Return to endnote 185 referrer
- Endnote 186
-
As quoted in L. Jane McMillan, Truth and Conviction: Donald Marshall Jr. and the Mi’kmaw Quest for Justice, (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2018), p.176.
Return to endnote 186 referrer
- Endnote 187
-
R. v. Smith [2004] 1 SCR 385 at para 47.
Return to endnote 187 referrer
- Endnote 188
-
New Zealand Criminal Cases Review Commission Review Act, 2019 s. 12.
Return to endnote 188 referrer
- Endnote 189
-
Royal Commission on Criminal Justice Cm 2263 at p 185 para 22.
Return to endnote 189 referrer
- Endnote 190
-
Projet Innocence Québec submission, p. 4.
Return to endnote 190 referrer
- Endnote 191
-
Innocence Canada submission, p. 81.
Return to endnote 191 referrer
- Endnote 192
-
Canadian Civil Liberties Association submission, pp. 9-10.
Return to endnote 192 referrer
- Endnote 193
-
Senator Kim Pate submission, pp. 11-12.
Return to endnote 193 referrer
- Endnote 194
-
Nigel Marshman/Department of Justice Criminal Conviction Review Working Group submission, p. 8.
Return to endnote 194 referrer
- Endnote 195
-
Office of the Federal Ombudsman for Victims of Crime submission, p. 6.
Return to endnote 195 referrer
- Endnote 196
-
Naïka Champaïgne submission, p. 7.
Return to endnote 196 referrer
- Endnote 197
-
Canadian Race Relations Foundation submission, p. 2.
Return to endnote 197 referrer
- Endnote 198
-
FPT HP submission, p. 18.
Return to endnote 198 referrer
- Endnote 199
-
Innocence Canada submission, p. 134.
Return to endnote 199 referrer
- Endnote 200
-
UBC Innocence Project submission, p. 13.
Return to endnote 200 referrer
- Endnote 201
-
Gibson v. State of Western Australia [2017] WASCA 141.
Return to endnote 201 referrer
- Endnote 202
-
Royal Commission on the Donald Marshall Jr. Prosecution (1989), p. 172.
Return to endnote 202 referrer
- Endnote 203
-
Dr. Gregory Stratton, submission, pp. 8-9.
Return to endnote 203 referrer
- Endnote 204
-
Nigel Marshman/Department of Justice Criminal Conviction Review Working submission, p. 10.
Return to endnote 204 referrer
- Endnote 205
-
Office of the Federal Ombudsman for Victims of Crime submission, p. 9.
Return to endnote 205 referrer
- Endnote 206
-
Office of the Federal Ombudsman for Victims of Crime submission, p. 7.
Return to endnote 206 referrer
- Endnote 207
-
Alena Pastuch submission, p. 3.
Return to endnote 207 referrer
- Endnote 208
-
For a collection of essays critical of the English commission see generally Michael Naughton ed. The Criminal Cases Review Commission: Hope for the Innocent? (2010). See also Holly Greenwood, Rethinking innocence Projects in England and Wales, (2021) Howard J of Crime and Justice (forthcoming)
Return to endnote 208 referrer
- Endnote 209
-
Law Society Act, RSO 1990, c. L.8 s. 49(8); Law Society Act, SBC 1998 c. 9 s.88.
Return to endnote 209 referrer
- Endnote 210
-
Milgaard/Lockyer group; David Milgaard’s Independent Review Board Working Group submission, p. 25.
Return to endnote 210 referrer
- Endnote 211
-
Law Society Act, RSO 1990, c. L.8 s. 49(8); Law Society Act, SBC 1998 c. 9 s.88.
Return to endnote 211 referrer
- Endnote 212
-
Alena Pastuch submission at p. 4. See also R v Pastuch, 2019 SKQB 156 Ms. Pastuch has subsequently been granted bail pending appeal in R v Pastuch, 2020 SKCA 72 and had counsel appointed for her appeal in R v Pastuch, 2020 SKCA 105.
Return to endnote 212 referrer
- Endnote 213
-
Association of Legal Aid Plans of Canada submission, p. 5.
Return to endnote 213 referrer
- Endnote 214
-
Canadian Bar Association, submissions, p. 10.
Return to endnote 214 referrer
- Endnote 215
-
Projet Innocence Québec submissions, p. 6.
Return to endnote 215 referrer
- Endnote 216
-
Association of Legal Aid Plans of Canada submission, p. 10.
Return to endnote 216 referrer
- Endnote 217
-
Canadian Bar Association submission, p. 9.
Return to endnote 217 referrer
- Endnote 218
-
Professors Sangha and Moles submission, p. 17.
Return to endnote 218 referrer
- Endnote 219
-
Professors Sangha and Moles submission, p. 18.
Return to endnote 219 referrer
- Endnote 220
-
The English Commission is now bound by a Code of Practice for victims of crime. See Victim Policy at https://s3-eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/jotwpublic-prod-storage-1cxo1dnrmkg14/uploads/sites/5/2021/07/CW-POL-09-Victim-Notification-v1.0.pdf
Return to endnote 220 referrer
- Endnote 221
-
S.C. 2015 c. 13.
Return to endnote 221 referrer
- Endnote 222
-
Ibid s. 7.
Return to endnote 222 referrer
- Endnote 223
-
Ibid s. 14.
Return to endnote 223 referrer
- Endnote 224
-
Ibid at s. 15.
Return to endnote 224 referrer
- Endnote 225
-
FPT HP submission, p. 7.
Return to endnote 225 referrer
- Endnote 226
-
Projet Innocence Québec, p. 7.
Return to endnote 226 referrer
- Endnote 227
-
Dr. Lucinda Vandervort submission, p. 6.
Return to endnote 227 referrer
- Endnote 228
-
R. v. Unger 2005 MBQB 238 at para 54.
Return to endnote 228 referrer
- Endnote 229
-
Canadian Victims Bill of Rights S.C. 2015 c.13, s. 14.
Return to endnote 229 referrer
- Endnote 230
-
Ibid at s. 15.
Return to endnote 230 referrer
- Endnote 231
-
Criminal Appeal Act 1995 s. 13. The English commission does not consider lack of a lawyer, a missed appeal or acting on a lawyer’s advice that an appeal should not be taken as an exceptional circumstance governing a non-appeal case. Administrative staff reject applications if the time limit for appeal has not lapsed. Policy on Exceptional Circumstances at https://s3-eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/jotwpublic-prod-storage-1cxo1dnrmkg14/uploads/sites/5/2021/07/CW-POL-06-Exceptional-Circumstances-v1.0.pdf
Return to endnote 231 referrer
- Endnote 232
-
Policy on Persistent, Abusive and Malicious Applications at https://s3-eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/jotwpublic-prod-storage-1cxo1dnrmkg14/uploads/sites/5/2021/07/CW-POL-14-PAM-Persistent-Abusive-Malicious-Applicants-v1.0.pdf
Return to endnote 232 referrer
- Endnote 233
-
Drambot J. explained: “Permitting a flexible approach to be taken to this issue seems to me to be in the public interest, and recognition, to borrow the language in the Minister’s factum, that miscarriages of justice can take many unpredictable forms…. Minister may conclude that an applicant has exhausted his or her appeal remedies without forcing the applicant to undertake the doomed exercise of seeking an extension of time to seek leave to appeal to the Supreme Court without being able to identify an issue of law.” McArthur v. Ontario (Attorney General), 2012 ONSC 5773 at paras 41-42.
Return to endnote 233 referrer
- Endnote 234
-
Criminal Cases Review Commission Act, 2019 S. 24.
Return to endnote 234 referrer
- Endnote 235
-
Ibid s. 17(2)(a).
Return to endnote 235 referrer
- Endnote 236
-
Professor Jean-Claude Bernheim, submission jcb, p. 17.
Return to endnote 236 referrer
- Endnote 237
-
Professor Mai Sato, submission, p. 9.
Return to endnote 237 referrer
- Endnote 238
-
Office of the Federal Ombudsman for Victims of Crime submission, p. 11.
Return to endnote 238 referrer
- Endnote 239
-
Innocence Canada, submission, p.133; UBC Innocence Project submission, p. 14.
Return to endnote 239 referrer
- Endnote 240
-
UBC Innocence Project submission, pp. 13-14.
Return to endnote 240 referrer
- Endnote 241
-
Milgaard/Lockyer group; David Milgaard’s Independent Review Board Working Group, p. 21.
Return to endnote 241 referrer
- Endnote 242
-
FPT HP submission pp. 22-23.
Return to endnote 242 referrer
- Endnote 243
-
Hoyle and Sato, Reason to Doubt, supra chs 4 and 6.
Return to endnote 243 referrer
- Endnote 244
-
[2003] O.J. No. 3422 In that case, Justice Watt noted: “When the Minister of Justice received Romeo Phillion’s application for ministerial review, he quickly decided, from the materials filed in support of it, that there may be a reasonable basis to conclude that a miscarriage of justice likely occurred when the applicant was convicted.” Ibid at para 3.
Return to endnote 244 referrer
- Endnote 245
-
R. v. Assoun 2014 NSSC 419.
Return to endnote 245 referrer
- Endnote 246
-
Canadian Bar Association, submission, pp. 13-14.
Return to endnote 246 referrer
- Endnote 247
-
UBC Innocence Project submission, p. 15.
Return to endnote 247 referrer
- Endnote 248
-
FPT HP submission, p. 9.
Return to endnote 248 referrer
- Endnote 249
-
R. v. Johnson 1998 NSCA 14.
Return to endnote 249 referrer
- Endnote 250
-
R. v. Oland 2017 SCC 17. Justice Moldaver stated that judges on these applications should “remain mindful that our justice system is not infallible and that a meaningful review process is essential to maintain public confidence in the administration of justice. Thus, there is a broader public interest in reviewability that transcends an individual’s interest in any given case.” Ibid at para 45.
Return to endnote 250 referrer
- Endnote 251
-
R. v. Purdy 2019 BCSC 2285 (bail denied); R. v. Assoun 2014 NSSC 419 (bail granted.)
Return to endnote 251 referrer
- Endnote 252
-
R. v. Delisle 2016 QCSC 6229; R. v. Sanderson CR96-01-18105, 2019 MBQB
Return to endnote 252 referrer
- Endnote 253
-
R. v. Phillion [2003] O.J. no 3422.
Return to endnote 253 referrer
- Endnote 254
-
The only difference is that the first criteria differs slightly and is phrased under s. 679(4) as “the appeal has sufficient merit that, in the circumstances, it would cause unnecessary hardship if he were detained in custody.”
Return to endnote 254 referrer
- Endnote 255
-
The conditions in that case take up almost 7 pages of the reported judgment and include $205,000 in sureties, electronic monitoring at his own expense, psychological counselling, reporting requirements of “all intimate and non-sexual relationships and friendships with females, except immediate family members, not consuming alcohol or being in a place that sells it, and abiding by a 10 pm to 6 am curfew and subject to curfew searches by the RCMP, not communicate with any former inmate that he came to know from his imprisonment for the offence or a person with a criminal record. R. v. Assoun supra at para 22. For other extensive conditions see Ostrowski v. The Queen;
Return to endnote 255 referrer
- Endnote 256
-
R. v. Zora 2020 SCC 14.
Return to endnote 256 referrer
- Endnote 257
-
Ibid at para 79 (citations omitted.)
Return to endnote 257 referrer
- Endnote 258
-
Ibid at para 88.
Return to endnote 258 referrer
- Endnote 259
-
R. v. Assoun 2014 NSSC 419 at para 22.
Return to endnote 259 referrer
- Endnote 260
-
FPT HP submission, p. 4.
Return to endnote 260 referrer
- Endnote 261
-
Ibid, p. 6.
Return to endnote 261 referrer
- Endnote 262
-
Ibid, p. 25.
Return to endnote 262 referrer
- Endnote 263
-
Westminster Commission Report (2021) ch.5.
Return to endnote 263 referrer
- Endnote 264
-
FPT HP submission, p. 4.
Return to endnote 264 referrer
- Endnote 265
-
See for example Chaudhary v. Ontario (Attorney General), 2012 ONSC 5023; R v Hyra (J), 2017 MBCA 1; Albon v. Ontario (Attorney General), 2019 ONSC 3372.
Return to endnote 265 referrer
- Endnote 266
-
The jurisprudence that Mr. Milgaard refers to includes three judicial decisions that suggest that the investigative powers do not apply until an application to the Minister moves to the formal investigative stage. “When section 696.2 is read in conjunction with the regulations, the word “investigation” clearly refers to the second stage of the review process where, as I have just indicated, the Minister has already formed the view that there may be a reasonable basis to conclude that a miscarriage of justice likely occurred.” Winmill v. Canada (Minister of Justice) 2015 FC 710 at para 84 affd on other grounds 2016 FCA 250. See also “If a Ministerial Review application survives the preliminary assessment, the Minister may use his or her powers of investigation. However, applications may not survive this assessment simply because they have failed to obtain the requisite information for the Minister.” Albon v. Ontario (Attorney General), 2019 ONSC 3372 at para 109 and Roberts v. British Columbia (Attorney General) 2021 BCCA 346 at para 51 noting: “Parliament has seen fit to formalize the process of ministerial review. As the court noted in Winmill (at para. 64), it is initiated by a request for an “extraordinary and highly discretionary remedy”, and is not an appeal. The application leads to a preliminary assessment. That assessment leads to an investigation if (and only if) the Minister determines there may be “a reasonable basis to conclude that a miscarriage of justice likely occurred” (Regulations, s. 4(1); emphasis added).”
Return to endnote 266 referrer
- Endnote 267
-
UBC Innocence Project submission, pp. 15-16.
Return to endnote 267 referrer
- Endnote 268
-
FPT HP submission, p. 23.
Return to endnote 268 referrer
- Endnote 269
-
Projet Innocence Québec submission, p. 7.
Return to endnote 269 referrer
- Endnote 270
-
FPT HP Working Group Roundtable, June 16, 2021, Mary Ainslie, Meeting Minutes, p. 13.
Return to endnote 270 referrer
- Endnote 271
-
The current standard was defended by the FPT HP group as fairly strict, but also defended by Projet Innocence Québec as a low standard when properly interpreted. In our view both the investigative threshold in the existing regulations and the referral standard in s. 696.3 are poorly drafted with unnecessary references to reasonable basis. These provisions are difficult for jurists, let alone applicants to understand.
Return to endnote 271 referrer
- Endnote 272
-
Winmill v. Canada (Minister of Justice) 2015 FC 710 at para 84 affd on other grounds 2016 FCA 250; Albon v. Ontario (Attorney General), 2019 ONSC 3372 at para 109; Roberts v. British Columbia (Attorney General) 2021 BCCA 346 at para 51.
Return to endnote 272 referrer
- Endnote 273
-
Milgaard/Lockyer group; David Milgaard’s Independent Review Board Working Group, p. 23.
Return to endnote 273 referrer
- Endnote 274
-
FPT HP submission, p. 23.
Return to endnote 274 referrer
- Endnote 275
-
Innocence Canada submission, p. 125.
Return to endnote 275 referrer
- Endnote 276
-
RSC 1985 c.I-11.
Return to endnote 276 referrer
- Endnote 277
-
C.35. This same provision applies to powers that the English Commission received in 2016 to request relevant material from those not serving in public bodies. Ibid s. 18A(6).
Return to endnote 277 referrer
- Endnote 278
-
SBC 1998 c. 9.
Return to endnote 278 referrer
- Endnote 279
-
Skogstad v. The Law Society of British Columbia 2007 BCCA 310 at para 20.
Return to endnote 279 referrer
- Endnote 280
-
RSO 1990 c.L8. See also as do ss. 77 to 82 of Manitoba’s Legal Professions Act CCSM c. L017 ss. 77 to 82.
Return to endnote 280 referrer
- Endnote 281
-
C.46 Part XA.
Return to endnote 281 referrer
- Endnote 282
-
Canadian Bar Association, submission, p. 15.
Return to endnote 282 referrer
- Endnote 283
-
Projet Innocence Québec submission, p. 8.
Return to endnote 283 referrer
- Endnote 284
-
FPT HP submission, p.10. With respect to police informant privilege, the FPT HP group reminded us that: “the privilege belongs both to the Crown and to the informer, and neither can waive it without the consent of the other. Further, the informer must be properly informed of the consequences of such waiver. In cases where disclosure of an Informer’s identity may be contemplated or necessary, obligations are placed upon the Crown and police to maintain the security and safety of the informer, including the potential involvement of Witness Protection. Significant financial costs may be incurred by the police to maintain the security and safety of an Informer whose identity has been disclosed or revealed.” Ibid.
Return to endnote 284 referrer
- Endnote 285
-
Canadian Bar Association submission, p. 15.
Return to endnote 285 referrer
- Endnote 286
-
Solicitor General of Canada v. Royal Commission of Inquiry into the Confidentiality of Health Records in Ontario, [1981] 2 SCR 797; Bisaillon v. Keable, [1983] 2 SCR 60. The police informant privilege is, however, subject to a narrow exception if is established that innocence is at stake.
Return to endnote 286 referrer
- Endnote 287
-
Mackeigan v. Hickman [1989] 2 SCR 796.
Return to endnote 287 referrer
- Endnote 288
-
R. v. McClure, [2001] 1 S.C.R. 445 para. 41 see also paragraphs 40 & 47.
Return to endnote 288 referrer
- Endnote 289
-
SBC 1998 c. 9.
Return to endnote 289 referrer
- Endnote 290
-
Skogstad v. The Law Society of British Columbia 2007 BCCA 310 at para 20.
Return to endnote 290 referrer
- Endnote 291
-
RSO 1990 c.L8. See also as ss. 77 to 82 of Manitoba’s Legal Professions Act, CCSM c. L017 ss. 77 to 82.
Return to endnote 291 referrer
- Endnote 292
-
Section 49.8(1) Law Society Act, RSO 1990, c. L.8 s. 49(8).
Return to endnote 292 referrer
- Endnote 293
-
Section 49.8 (1.1) Law Society Act, RSO 1990, c. L.8.
Return to endnote 293 referrer
- Endnote 294
-
Section 49.8(3) Law Society Act, RSO 1990, c. L. 8.
Return to endnote 294 referrer
- Endnote 295
-
RSC 1985 c.P-21.
Return to endnote 295 referrer
- Endnote 296
-
RSC 1985 c.A-1.
Return to endnote 296 referrer
- Endnote 297
-
Hoyle and Sato, Reason to Doubt, supra, p. 143. They note that the English commission went from routine collection of documents relating to the credibility of complainants/crime victims under a 2006 policy to a 2017 policy that cautions that documents should only be collected when necessary and reasonable. They note that this accords with increased concerns about complainants in sexual cases, but also warn that the commission’s “safety net function” and concern about wrongful convictions could be undermined by additional restraint by the commission in obtaining relevant documents. Ibid at p. 174.
Return to endnote 297 referrer
- Endnote 298
-
Hoyle and Sato, Reason to Doubt, supra, p. 142; Laurie Elks, Righting Miscarriages of Justice? supra p. 218.
Return to endnote 298 referrer
- Endnote 299
-
Clare Wade QC submission, p. 10.
Return to endnote 299 referrer
- Endnote 300
-
Hoyle and Sato, Reason to Doubt, supra at pp. 290, 295.
Return to endnote 300 referrer
- Endnote 301
-
Projet Innocence Québec submission, p. 9.
Return to endnote 301 referrer
- Endnote 302
-
Re Faison 550 Fed. Appx 164, 2014 (4th Cir.); McKoy v. North Carolina 2013 WL 6000917 (E.D.N.C.); Brunson v. North Carolina Innocence Inquiry Commission 372 N.C. 290 (Sup.Ct.)
Return to endnote 302 referrer
- Endnote 303
-
S.C. 1999, c.18.
Return to endnote 303 referrer
- Endnote 304
-
Westminster Commission supra, p. 58.
Return to endnote 304 referrer
- Endnote 305
-
Innocence Canada submission, p. 48.
Return to endnote 305 referrer
- Endnote 306
-
Ross v. Canada (Minister of Justice) 2014 FC 338; Walchuk c. Canada 2015 FCA 85; Bouchard v. Canada 2019 FCA 146.
Return to endnote 306 referrer
- Endnote 307
-
R. (on the application of Warner) v Secretary of State for Justice [2020] EWHC 1894 (Admin) [2021] 1 W.L.R. 151.
Return to endnote 307 referrer
- Endnote 308
-
See for example Quinn’s Application for Leave to Apply for Judicial Review, Re [2020] NIQB 24; R. v Lawless (Stephen) [2016] EWCA Crim 2185; G v Scottish CCRC [2017] UKSC 20.
Return to endnote 308 referrer
- Endnote 309
-
One commissioner is quoted as stating: “It’s very clearly not about agreeing or disagreeing, because each commissioner will draw their own different conclusions. The two things that you’re looking for really are (1) is it Wednesbury-reasonable? and (2) have the appropriate investigative steps and guidelines and policies and procedures been complied with?; and on the whole, that is the case. I don’t think we’ve identified anything that hasn’t been Wednesbury-reasonable, and on the whole, most of the guidelines are complied with. (#74)” Hoyle and Sato Reason to Doubt supra, p. 89.
Return to endnote 309 referrer
- Endnote 310
-
Ross v. Canada (Justice), 2014 FC 338 at para 63.
Return to endnote 310 referrer
- Endnote 311
-
For a decision holding that the Federal Court reviews Ministerial decisions see Bilodeau v Canada (Ministre de la Justice), 2009 QCCA 746.
Return to endnote 311 referrer
- Endnote 312
-
McArthur v. Ontario 2012 ONSC 5773; Albon v. Ontario 2019 ONSC 3372.
Return to endnote 312 referrer
- Endnote 313
-
Projet Innocence Québec submission, p. 10.
Return to endnote 313 referrer
- Endnote 314
-
Westminster Commission (2021), supra p. 60.
Return to endnote 314 referrer
- Endnote 315
-
UBC Innocence Project submissions, p. 21.
Return to endnote 315 referrer
- Endnote 316
-
Office of the Federal Ombudsman for Victims of Crime submission, p.16.
Return to endnote 316 referrer
- Endnote 317
-
As of the time of this writing, the New Zealand Commission has yet to publish any of its decisions.
Return to endnote 317 referrer
- Endnote 318
-
FPT HP submission, p. 17.
Return to endnote 318 referrer
- Endnote 319
-
Westminster Commission (2021), p. 55.
Return to endnote 319 referrer
- Endnote 320
-
R. v. Assoun 2019 NSSC 220 at para 21. The person who prepared the preliminary assessment for the CCRG elaborated on his concerns about its publication by stating: “If our preliminary reports or investigative reports were to become public, if could stifle our work in future cases. It is entirely foreseeable that individuals and organizations would be far more hesitant to participate voluntarily in the Ministerial review process if our reports were released to the public…. While the Minister of Justice has subpoena powers, I think organizations and individuals would resist the production of privileged or confidential material far more often if there was a risk it would become public.… The report and supporting appendices contain a large amount of personal and sensitive information regarding witnesses and potential witnesses that deserve protection. …. potential witnesses who may need to be interviewed or re-interviewed as part of a new criminal investigation will see or hear broadcasts about their earlier statements that will impact their evidence, thus the integrity of any future investigation. If the entire report and appendices are released without redaction, the identity of certain vulnerable witnesses who provided evidence implicating third parties would become public, putting their personal safety at risk.” Ibid at para 30. A representative of the Halifax police stated that the information in the preliminary assessment “includes evidence implicating multiple individuals suspected of committing crimes for which no charges have been laid. If released I believe this information would jeopardize efforts to resolve those crimes by alerting certain individuals that they are suspects. In my review of the appendices and the report, I also noted information that appears to come from confidential informants. There is other information that comes from witnesses whose identities may require protection as they implicate others in unsolved crimes. Public disclosure of this information could put the safety of those parties at risk. I also noted information describing police techniques used, or being considered for use. Releasing this information would alert potential suspects and the public in general to the use of those tactics, thereby impeding their efficacy both in the open investigations and in future cases. The preliminary report and appendices also contain personnel records, including performance reviews, of a former RCMP officer. I do not believe this member would be aware of the inclusion of this information in the report and therefore unaware that their personal information may become public.” Ibid at para 31.
Return to endnote 320 referrer
- Endnote 321
-
R. v. Assoun, 2014 NSSC 381 at para 56.
Return to endnote 321 referrer
- Endnote 322
-
R. v. Assoun 2019 NSSC 220 at paras 45, 61-62.
Return to endnote 322 referrer
- Endnote 323
-
Section 4 of the Regulations provide for a mandatory investigation where “there may be a reasonable basis to conclude that a miscarriage of justice likely occurred.”
Return to endnote 323 referrer
- Endnote 324
-
Lord Bingham has stated: “The ’real possibility’ test […] denotes a contingency which, in the Commission’s judgment, is more than an outside chance or a bare possibility, but which may be less than a probability or a likelihood or a racing certainty.” R. v. Criminal Cases Review Commission (ex parte Pearson) [1999] EWHC 452 at para 17.
Return to endnote 324 referrer
- Endnote 325
-
Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act, s. 194C.
Return to endnote 325 referrer
- Endnote 326
-
Ibid
Return to endnote 326 referrer
- Endnote 327
-
Criminal Case Review Commission Act, 2019 s. 17.
Return to endnote 327 referrer
- Endnote 328
-
North Carolina General States Chapter 92, section 15A-1460.
Return to endnote 328 referrer
- Endnote 329
-
Ibid at p. 36.
Return to endnote 329 referrer
- Endnote 330
-
Ibid at p. 45.
Return to endnote 330 referrer
- Endnote 331
-
Canadian Bar Association submission, pp. 16-17.
Return to endnote 331 referrer
- Endnote 332
-
Canadian Civil Liberties Association submission, p. 13.
Return to endnote 332 referrer
- Endnote 333
-
Projet Innocence Québec submission at p. 9.
Return to endnote 333 referrer
- Endnote 334
-
FPT HP submission at p. 11.
Return to endnote 334 referrer
- Endnote 335
-
Ibid at p. 12.
Return to endnote 335 referrer
- Endnote 336
-
Criminal Lawyers Association of Canada, submission p. 4.
Return to endnote 336 referrer
- Endnote 337
-
Canadian Bar Association, submission, p. 17.
Return to endnote 337 referrer
- Endnote 338
-
Re Truscott 2017 ONCA 575 at paras 110-111.
Return to endnote 338 referrer
- Endnote 339
-
Canadian Bar Association submission, p.16 referring to a residual interests of justice test as requiring referrals “as a matter of fairness and decency” for example where “the applicant may have entered an uninformed guilty plea.”
Return to endnote 339 referrer
- Endnote 340
-
Barry Scheck, Peter Neufeld and Jim Dwyer, Actual Innocence: Five Days to Execution, (New York: Doubleday, 2000): Robert Norris, Exonerated A History of the Innocence Movement, (New York: New York Press, 2017.)
Return to endnote 340 referrer
- Endnote 341
-
R. v. Mullins Johnson [2007] ONCA 720. We note that the Milgaard/Lockyer group stated that the Ontario Court of Appeal’s concerns about not undermining the meaning of the not guilty verdict “remain valid.” Milgaard/Lockyer group; David Milgaard’s Independent Review Board Working Group, p. 47.
Return to endnote 341 referrer
- Endnote 342
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Innocence Ottawa/Professor Kathyrn Campbell submission, pp. 5-6.
Return to endnote 342 referrer
- Endnote 343
-
UBC Innocence Project submission, p. 20.
Return to endnote 343 referrer
- Endnote 344
-
FPT HP submission, p. 29.
Return to endnote 344 referrer
- Endnote 345
-
Ibid p. 30.
Return to endnote 345 referrer
- Endnote 346
-
Projet Innocence Québec submission, p. 9.
Return to endnote 346 referrer
- Endnote 347
-
Innocence Canada, June 30, 2021 Roundtable, Maria Shepherd, Meeting Minutes at p. 9.
Return to endnote 347 referrer
- Endnote 348
-
Milgaard/Lockyer group; David Milgaard’s Independent Review Board Working Group at p. 52.
Return to endnote 348 referrer
- Endnote 349
-
Office of the Federal Ombudsman for Victims of Crime submission, p. 17.
Return to endnote 349 referrer
- Endnote 350
-
The commission of inquiry concluded that the decision to refer the case as a new appeal “left Marshall with the burden of preparing and presenting the case to prove his own innocence. This reinforced the adversarial nature of an appeal and… precluded a complete examination of why the wrongful conviction occurred.” Royal Commission on the Donald Marshall Jr. Prosecution (Halifax: Queens Printer, 1989), p. 158.
Return to endnote 350 referrer
- Endnote 351
-
R. v. Biniaris [2000] 1 SCR 381.
Return to endnote 351 referrer
- Endnote 352
-
C.19.
Return to endnote 352 referrer
- Endnote 353
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Statutes Amendment (Appeals) Act, 2013 amending Criminal Law Consultation Act 1935 ss.353A providing the Court of Appeal “may hear a second or subsequent appeal against conviction…if the Court is satisfied that there is fresh and compelling evidence that should, in the interests of justice, be considered on appeal.” See generally Bibi Sangha and Robert Moles Miscarriages of Justice: Criminal Appeals and the Rule of Law in Australia (Chatsworth: LexisNexis Butterworths, 2015) ch 6.
Return to endnote 353 referrer
- Endnote 354
-
R. v. Mullins Johnson [2007] ONCA 720.
Return to endnote 354 referrer
- Endnote 355
-
R. v. Yebes [1987] 2 SCR 168 at paras 23, 26-27. At the same time, there were doubts about Mr. Yebes’ conviction at the time. For example, a religious Minister who had Yebes as his barber wrote a letter to the editor that was published in the Vancouver Sun in 1987. It stated in part: “I believe that Tomas is innocent. It was he who drew the attention of the police to irregularities about the death of the boys…. Perhaps I have watched too many detective films where a sleuth tracks down the real killer, and real-life Hercule Poirots do not exist. If there is such a person out there who has the head and heart to do some deep investigation into this case, I believe there is enough evidence that has not been properly considered to turn the case around. This is the humble appeal of a minister that some able, caring person, expert in these matters, who is more interested in honor than money, will take this up and pursue it thoroughly.” Letter to the Editor Vancouver Sun Sept 21, 1987 p. B10.
Return to endnote 355 referrer
- Endnote 356
-
“Surrey father acquitted, decades after double murder conviction” Vancouver Sun Nov 12, 2020; “: Tomas Yebes always said he didn’t kill two his sons. Now almost four decades later, the courts finally agree. His conviction in 1983 would become one of the most cited cases in Canadian law. Here’s one’s man 37 year old journey from wrongful conviction to exoneration” Globe and Mail Feb 21, 2021.
Return to endnote 356 referrer
- Endnote 357
-
Milgaard/Lockyer group; David Milgaard’s Independent Review Board Working Group submission, p. 31.
Return to endnote 357 referrer
- Endnote 358
-
UBC Innocence Project submission, p. 19.
Return to endnote 358 referrer
- Endnote 359
-
Milgaard/Lockyer group; David Milgaard’s Independent Review Board Working Group submission, p. 41.
Return to endnote 359 referrer
- Endnote 360
-
FPT HP, Submissions, pp.26-27; Office of the Federal Ombudsman for Victims of Crime submissions, p. 14.
Return to endnote 360 referrer
- Endnote 361
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Dr. Dennis Eady and Dr. Holly Greenwood, submission, pp.10-11.
Return to endnote 361 referrer
- Endnote 362
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Milgaard/Lockyer group; David Milgaard’s Independent Review Board Working Group submission, p. 40.
Return to endnote 362 referrer
- Endnote 363
-
[2000] 1 SCR 381.
Return to endnote 363 referrer
- Endnote 364
-
United States v. Burns and Rafay [2001] 1 SCR 283.
Return to endnote 364 referrer
- Endnote 365
-
R. v. W.H. 2013 SCC 22 at para 29.
Return to endnote 365 referrer
- Endnote 366
-
R. v. R.P., 2012 SCC 22 at para 10; R. v. Sinclair, 2011 SCC 40; R. v. Beaudry 2007 SCC 5; R. v. Gagnon 2006 SCC 17.
Return to endnote 366 referrer
- Endnote 367
-
R. v. C.P., 2021 SCC 19 at para 29; R. v. W.H 2013 SCC 22 at para 26 See generally Bibi Sangha, Kent Roach and Robert Moles, Forensic Investigations and Miscarriages of Justice, (Toronto: Irwin Law, 2010) at pp. 99-109.
Return to endnote 367 referrer
- Endnote 368
-
R. v. Bromley [2018] SASC 41 at paras 375-402, 509 holding the five new expert reports about an eyewitness who helped convict an Indigenous man who served 40 years in prison were not “compelling” evidence as were three new experts on the flaws of the forensic pathology evidence of drowning. The Court of Appeal also held that the interests of justice required the prosecution be able on the appeal to adduce evidence of the accused’s prior convictions and propensity to commit crimes and that even if the appeal was heard, the accused had not demonstrated a substantial miscarriage of justice occurred. Note Mr. Bromley is pursuing a subsequent appeal to the High Court of Australia.
Return to endnote 368 referrer
- Endnote 369
-
Association of Legal Aid Plans of Canada submission at p. 6.
Return to endnote 369 referrer
- Endnote 370
-
Honourable Sydney Robins, Report on the Compensation of Steven Truscott, (2008).
Return to endnote 370 referrer
- Endnote 371
-
Henry v. British Columbia 2016 BCSC 1038.
Return to endnote 371 referrer
- Endnote 372
-
[1980] 1 SCR 759.
Return to endnote 372 referrer
- Endnote 373
-
R. v. B (G.D.) [2000] 1 SCR 520; R. v. A (J) [2011] 1 SCR 628; Reference re Truscott 2007 ONCA 575.
Return to endnote 373 referrer
- Endnote 374
-
2003 SCC 70.
Return to endnote 374 referrer
- Endnote 375
-
[1998] 1 SCR 244.
Return to endnote 375 referrer
- Endnote 376
-
Canadian Civil Liberties Association submission, p. 13.
Return to endnote 376 referrer
- Endnote 377
-
Milgaard/Lockyer group; David Milgaard’s Independent Review Board Working Group submission, p. 29.
Return to endnote 377 referrer
- Endnote 378
-
FPT HP submission, p. 27.
Return to endnote 378 referrer
- Endnote 379
-
Reference re Truscott [2007] ONCA 575 at para 107-8. The Court of Appeal did, however, qualify this position as only applying the very dated circumstances of the 1959 trial by noting: “There may be references unlike this one, where reliable evidence is available that permits the court to make informed assessments about what evidence was available to the defence at trial, and why that evidence, if it was available, was not led or used by the defence. The court’s ability to make a valid due diligence assessment on a reference may impact on how finality concerns are factored into the determination of whether the admission of the fresh evidence is in the interests of justice. There may also be references where an appellant seeks to resile from a position taken in earlier proceedings and to advance a new defence. That kind of case, too, may raise very different finality concerns.” Ibid at para 109.
Return to endnote 379 referrer
- Endnote 380
-
Truscott, Re, 2006 CanLII 17245 (ON CA.)
Return to endnote 380 referrer
- Endnote 381
-
FPT HP submission, p. 8.
Return to endnote 381 referrer
- Endnote 382
-
As suggested above, we believe that the commission should be able to examine material covered by these sections. This is because such sensitive material will be examined in privacy by the commission as an impartial investigatory body. At the same time, the commission should be bound by limits in s. 278.7 on the disclosure of private material about the complainant or crime victim to the accused/applicant.
Return to endnote 382 referrer
- Endnote 383
-
R. v. Darrach [2000] 2 SCR 443: R. v. Mills [1999] 3 SCR 668.
Return to endnote 383 referrer
- Endnote 384
-
R. v. Nepoose 1992 ABCA 77 at paras 5-6 noting the Commissioner appointed under s. 683(1)(e) heard 22 witnesses, received 97 exhibits, and produced a 253 report as part of the public record when on a reference from the Minister of Justice it quashed a conviction and ordered a new trial.
Return to endnote 384 referrer
- Endnote 385
-
Criminal Code s. 683(1)(f).
Return to endnote 385 referrer
- Endnote 386
-
Kent Roach, Wrongful Convictions: Adversarial and Inquisitorial Themes, (2010) 35 N. Carolina J. of Int. Law 387.
Return to endnote 386 referrer
- Endnote 387
-
Hoyle and Sato, Reason to Doubt, (2019) at pp. 249. Two thirds of the investigations related to allegations of irregularities with jurors. Ibid at pp. 246-247.
Return to endnote 387 referrer
- Endnote 388
-
R. v. Unger 2005 MBQB 238 at para 41.
Return to endnote 388 referrer
- Endnote 389
-
https://www.rcjadvice.org.uk/other-advice/miscarriage-of-justice/
Return to endnote 389 referrer
- Endnote 390
-
Win Wahrer at al. submission, p. 1.
Return to endnote 390 referrer
- Endnote 391
-
Nicole Porter/N.A. Porter & Associates submission, pp. 7, 10.
Return to endnote 391 referrer
- Endnote 392
-
The counselling extended over five years and, in most cases, it was not covered by medicare and could not otherwise be afforded by the victims of miscarriages of justice. Goudge Inquiry (2007), p. 643.
Return to endnote 392 referrer
- Endnote 393
-
See Miscarriages of Justice Support Services at https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/files.rcjadvice/images/MJSS-Brochure-non-booklet.pdf?mtime=20190704102741
Return to endnote 393 referrer
- Endnote 394
-
Canadian Bar Association submission, p. 21.
Return to endnote 394 referrer
- Endnote 395
-
Office of the Federal Ombudsman for Victims of Crime submission. p. 3, 7-8.
Return to endnote 395 referrer
- Endnote 396
-
Ibid, p. 17.
Return to endnote 396 referrer
- Endnote 397
-
Roundtable – David Milgaard’s Independent Review Broad Working Group, August 11, 2021, David Milgaard, Meeting Minutes at p. 4.
Return to endnote 397 referrer
- Endnote 398
-
https://www.rcjadvice.org.uk/other-advice/miscarriage-of-justice/
Return to endnote 398 referrer
- Endnote 399
-
UNHRC, Communication No 1467/2006, Michel Dumont c Canada, UN Doc CCPR/C/98/D/1467/2006, online (pdf): <www.worldcourts.com/hrc/eng/ decisions/2010.03.16_Dumont_v_Canada.pdf> [perma.cc/SM4F-UZXJ] concluding that Canada has failed but is obligated to provide an effective remedy under Article 2(3) of the ICCPR for rights to compensation under Article 14(6) of the ICCPR and stating that “The State party is also required to ensure that similar violations do not occur in the future”. Ibid at para 25.
Return to endnote 399 referrer
- Endnote 400
-
Milgaard Commission Vol 1 (2008), p. 369.
Return to endnote 400 referrer
- Endnote 401
-
For criticisms of Canada’s approach to compensation see H. Archibald Kaiser “Wrongful Conviction and Imprisonment: Towards an End to the Compensatory Obstacle Course” (1989) 9 Windsor YB Access to Justice 96; Elizabeth Sheehy “Compensation for Wrongful Convictions in New Zealand” (1999) 8 Auckland U. L. Rev. 977; John Humphrey “The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and International Law” (1986) 50 Sask. L. Rev. 13.
Return to endnote 401 referrer
- Endnote 402
-
Henry v. British Columbia 2016 BCSC 1038.
Return to endnote 402 referrer
- Endnote 403
-
Dumont v. Quebec 2009 QCSC 3213 affd 2012 QCCA 2039 leave denied 2013 CanLII 26775 (SCC). The Quebec Court of Appeal affirmed the dismissal of the civil suit on the basis of lack of fault and stated: “Since the rights granted in sections 7 and 24(1) of the Charter do not correspond to those set forth in Article 14(6) of the International Covenant, it must be concluded that that international instrument, which was ratified but not implemented in Canadian domestic law, is, in any case, of no assistance to Mr. Dumont on that point.” Ibid at para 118.
Return to endnote 403 referrer
- Endnote 404
-
UNHRC, Communication No 1467/2006, Michel Dumont c Canada, UN Doc CCPR/C/98/D/1467/2006, online (pdf): <www.worldcourts.com/hrc/eng/ decisions/2010.03.16_Dumont_v_Canada.pdf> [perma.cc/SM4F-UZXJ].
Return to endnote 404 referrer
- Endnote 405
-
Ibid at para 23.5.
Return to endnote 405 referrer
- Endnote 406
-
Ibid at 23.4-23.5.
Return to endnote 406 referrer
- Endnote 407
-
Jamil Mujuzi, The Right to Compensation for Wrongful Conviction/Miscarriage of Justice in International Law, (2019) 8 Int. Human Rights L. Rev. 215 at 218.
Return to endnote 407 referrer
- Endnote 408
-
New Zealand Law Reform Commission, Compensating the Wrongly Convicted, Report 49 (1998) at paras 157-158.
Return to endnote 408 referrer
- Endnote 409
-
Adams v. Secretary of State for Justice [2011] UKSC 19 at para 63.
Return to endnote 409 referrer
- Endnote 410
-
Kathryn Campbell, Exoneration and Compensation for the Wrongfully Convicted: Enhancing Procedural Justice? (2021) 42(3) Man L.J. 249 at 271.
Return to endnote 410 referrer
- Endnote 411
-
Henry v. British Columbia 2017 BCCA 420.
Return to endnote 411 referrer
- Endnote 412
-
Honourable Sydney Robins, Report on the Compensation of Steven Truscott, (2008) at p. 16.
Return to endnote 412 referrer
- Endnote 413
-
If contrary to our recommendation, Canada continues to insist on proof of factual innocence as a prerequisite for compensation, we believe that it would only be fair to empower Courts of Appeal to determine, at an applicant’s request, whether the applicant is factually innocent. We are aware that some American states and more recently the United Kingdom require proof of factual innocence for compensation but are persuaded by critiques of such standards as being unrealistic for many victims of miscarriages of justice to establish even on a balance of probabilities. See Carolyn Hoyle and Laura Tilt, Not Innocent Enough: State Compensation for Miscarriages of Justice in England and Wales, [2020] Crim L. Rev. 29 detailing how compensation has been granted in only 3 of 116 applications under a new factual innocence requirement introduced in 2014.
Return to endnote 413 referrer
- Endnote 414
-
Poghosyan v. Armenia 22999/06 (Grand Chamber) (12 June 2012) at para 51.
Return to endnote 414 referrer
- Endnote 415
-
Myles Frederick McLellan, Compensation for the Wrongful Convictions in Canada, (Moldova: Eliva Press, 2021). p. 207.
Return to endnote 415 referrer
- Endnote 416
-
Ibid, p. 111.
Return to endnote 416 referrer
- Endnote 417
-
Robert Norris, Assessing Compensation Statutes for the Wrongfully Convicted, (2012) 23(3) Criminal Justice Policy Rev. 352 at 358.
Return to endnote 417 referrer
- Endnote 418
-
R. v. Marshall [1999] 3 SCR 456. On Mr. Marshall’s life and the harm his wrongful conviction caused to him, his family and his community but also on the role that he and his wrongful conviction played in Mi’kmaq resurgence see L. Jane McMillan, Truth and Conviction: Donald Marshall jr. and the Mi’kmaw Quest for Justice, (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2018).
Return to endnote 418 referrer
