A Handbook for Criminal Justice Practitioners on Trafficking in Persons

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Table of Contents

• 1. What is Trafficking in Persons
  • 1.1 Purpose of the Handbook
  • 1.2 Outline
  • 1.3 What is Trafficking in Persons
  • 1.4 Difference between Trafficking in Persons and Migrant Smuggling
  • 1.5 Impact on the Victim
  • 1.6 Profile of Offenders
  • 1.7 Canada’s Experiences to date with Trafficking in Persons
  • 1.8 Canadian Prosecutions to date
  • 1.9 Global Considerations
  • 1.10 Global Strategies to Combat Human Trafficking
• 2. The Law
  • 2.1 Prohibition of Trafficking in Persons
  • 2.2 Specific Trafficking in Persons Criminal Code Provisions
  • 2.3 Trafficking in Persons IRPA Offence
  • 2.4 Trafficking in Persons Criminal Code Offences: Key Elements
  • 2.5 Section 279.01 of the Criminal Code - Trafficking in Persons
    • 2.5.1 Prohibited Acts
    • 2.5.2 Mental Element - For the Purpose of Exploiting of Facilitating the Exploitation
    • 2.5.3 Exploitation
  • 2.6 Section 279.011 of the Criminal Code - Trafficking of a Minor
  • 2.7 Section 279.02 of the Criminal Code - Material Benefit
  • 2.8 Section 279.03 of the Criminal Code - Withholding or Destroying Documents
  • 2.9 Immigration and Refugee Protection Act
• 3. Guidelines for Police
  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.2 Victim Interview
    • 3.2.1 Victim Mindset
    • 3.2.2 Victim-Trafficker Mindset
    • 3.2.3 Victim’s Basic Needs
    • 3.2.4 Preparation for the Interview
    • 3.2.5 Establishing Trust
    • 3.2.6 Free Narrative
    • 3.2.7 Clarification Questioning
    • 3.2.8 Closing
    • 3.2.9 Interview Questions
  • 3.3 Dealing with Children
    • 3.3.1 Runaway Children are Vulnerable to Traffickers
    • 3.3.2 Recruitment locations can include anywhere that youth hang out
    • 3.3.3 Specific Concerns regarding Children Brought to Canada
    • 3.3.4 Suggested Tips for Investigators
    • 3.3.5 Support to the Victim
  • 3.4 Access to Services
  • 3.5 Working with Traumatized Victims
  • 3.6 Foreign National Victims
  • 3.7 Collecting Evidence
    • 3.7.1 Indicators: Sexual Exploitation or Forced Labour
    • 3.7.2 Control Tactics Used by Traffickers
  • 3.8 Risk Assessment
    • 3.8.1 Levels of Risk
    • 3.8.2 Consideration for International Victims
  • 3.9 Witness Protection
  • 3.10 Laying a Charge
  • 3.11 Report to Crown Counsel
  • 3.12 Pre-Bail and Post-Bail Considerations
  • 3.13 Sureties to Keep the Peace
  • 3.14 Obtaining Foreign Evidence/Assistance
  • 3.15 Extradition to Canada
• 4. Guidelines for Prosecutors
  • 4.1 Introduction
  • 4.2 Victim Interview
  • 4.3 Charge Approval/Charge Review
  • 4.4 Obtaining Foreign Evidence/Assistance
  • 4.5 Pre-trial Detention/Release
    • 4.5.1 Grounds for Detention
    • 4.5.2 Onus
    • 4.5.3 Preparation for the Bail Hearing
    • 4.5.4 Non-Communication Order upon Detention
    • 4.5.5 Conditions of Release
    • 4.5.6 Publication Bans During Bail Proceedings
  • 4.6 Post-Bail Hearing Considerations
  • 4.7 Preliminary Hearings
  • 4.8 Direct Indictments
  • 4.9 Responding to Common Defence Strategies
  • 4.10 Testimonial Aids and Other Measures
  • 4.11 Publication Bans
  • 4.12 Proceeds of Crime and Offence-Related Property
    • 4.12.1 What are Proceeds of Crime
    • 4.12.2 Forfeiture under the IRPA
• 5. Sentencing for Human Trafficking Offences
  • 5.1 Introduction
  • 5.2 Principles of Sentencing
  • 5.3 Denunciation
  • 5.4 Deterrence
  • 5.5 Separation
  • 5.6 Rehabilitation
  • 5.7 Reparation and Responsibility
  • 5.8 Other Sentencing Considerations - Offences against Children
  • 5.9 Aggravating and Other Factors
    • 5.9.1 Those who prey on Vulnerable Victims
    • 5.9.2 The offence involved Planning and Deliberation or a level of Organization
    • 5.9.3 Previous Convictions or Involvement with the Judicial System
    • 5.9.4 Continuation over a Period
    • 5.9.5 Offence was Motivated by Financial or Material Gain
    • 5.9.6 Violence and/or the Use of Weapons
    • 5.9.7 Whether the Offender was in an Intimate Relationship with the Victim
    • 5.9.8 Use of Drugs/Alcohol to Maintain Control over the Victim or as Inducements
    • 5.9.9 Exposure to Serious Illness or Injury
  • 5.10 Mitigating Factors
    • 5.10.1 First-Time Offender
    • 5.10.2 Remorse of Conduct Following Arrest/Early Guilty Plea/Cooperation with the Police and Prosecutor
    • 5.10.3 Offender was previously a Victim of Human Trafficking
    • 5.10.4 Age
  • 5.11 Specific Sentencing Considerations under IRPA
  • 5.12 Preparing for a Sentencing Hearing
    • 5.12.1 Preparation at Investigative Stage
    • 5.12.2 Submissions and Evidence at the Sentencing Hearing
  • 5.13 The Role of the Victim at the Sentence Hearing
    • 5.13.1 Victim Impact Statements
    • 5.13.2 Harm to the Victim
    • 5.13.3 Victim Surcharge
  • 5.14 Restitution Orders
    • 5.14.1 Enforcement of Restitution Orders
• 6. Victim Services
  • 6.1 Overview of Victim Services in Canada
  • 6.2 British Columbia
  • 6.3 Alberta
  • 6.4 Saskatchewan
  • 6.5 Manitoba
  • 6.6 Ontario
  • 6.7 Quebec
  • 6.8 New Brunswick
  • 6.9 Nova Scotia
  • 6.10 Newfoundland and Labrador
  • 6.11 Prince Edward Island
  • 6.12 The Territories
    • 6.12.1 Yukon
    • 6.12.2 Northwest Territories
    • 6.12.3 Nunavut
• Annex 1: Table of Cases
• Annex 2: Sentencing Chart