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• Chapter 1: What is Trafficking in Persons?
  • 1.1 Purpose of this Handbook
  • 1.2 Outline
  • 1.3 What is Trafficking in Persons?
  • 1.4 Difference between Trafficking in Persons and Migrant Smuggling
  • 1.5 What We Know about Human Trafficking Globally
  • 1.6 What We Know about Human Trafficking in Canada
  • 1.6.1 Victims
  • 1.6.2 Indigenous Women and Girls
  • 1.6.3 Offenders
  • 1.6.4 Addressing Offending Committed by Trafficking Victims
  • 1.7 Federal/Provincial Strategies to Combat Human Trafficking
  • 1.8 Global Strategies to Combat Human Trafficking
• Chapter 2: The Law
  • 2.1 Trafficking in Persons Criminal Code Offences
  • 2.2 Section 279.01: Trafficking in Persons
    • 2.2.1 Prohibited Acts
    • 2.2.2 Mental Element: “For the Purpose of Exploiting or Facilitating Exploitation”
    • 2.2.3 Exploitation
    • 2.2.4 Interpretive Provision
    • 2.2.5 Evidentiary Presumption
  • 2.3 Section 279.011: Trafficking of a Person under the age of Eighteen Years
  • 2.4 Section 279.02: Material Benefit
  • 2.5 Section 279.03: Withholding or destroying documents
  • 2.6 Criminal Code Trafficking Offences and the Charter
  • 2.7 Immigration and Refugee Protection Act
  • 2.8 Other Relevant Immigration and Refugee Protection Act Offences
  • 2.9 Immigration and Refugee Protection Act Trafficking Offence and the Charter
  • 2.10 Jurisdiction
  • 2.11 Relevant Jurisprudence
• Chapter 3: Guidelines for Police
  • 3.1 Working with Traumatized Victims
  • 3.2 Victim Interview
    • 3.2.1 Victim Mindset
    • 3.2.2 Victim-Trafficker Relationship
    • 3.2.3 Victim’s Basic Needs
    • 3.2.4 Preparation for the Interview
    • 3.2.5 When a Victim Admits to Committing a Crime
    • 3.2.6 Suggested Tips for Investigators
    • 3.2.7 Victim Support
  • 3.3 Working with Indigenous Persons
  • 3.4 Working with Children (persons under 18)
    • 3.4.1 Specific Concerns Regarding Children Brought to Canada
  • 3.5 Working with Foreign National Victims
  • 3.6 Identifying Victims and Evidentiary Issues
    • 3.6.1 Indicators: Sexual Exploitation or Forced Labour
    • 3.6.2 Corroborating Evidence
    • 3.6.3 Tracking Financial Transactions
  • 3.7 Risk Assessment
    • 3.7.1 Considerations for International Victims
  • 3.8 Protection of Witnesses
    • 3.8.1 Federal Witness Protection Program Act
    • 3.8.2 Criminal Code
  • 3.9 Laying a charge
    • 3.9.1 Trafficking Victims Who Commit Offences
  • 3.10 Report to Prosecutors
  • 3.11 Pre-Bail and Post-Bail Considerations
  • 3.12 Peace Bonds
  • 3.13 Obtaining Foreign Evidence/Assistance
  • 3.14 Extradition to Canada
• Chapter 4: Guidelines for Prosecutors
  • 4.1 Victim Interview
    • 4.1.1 Make First Contact
    • 4.1.2 The Initial Meeting
    • 4.1.3 Maintaining Trust
  • 4.2 Approval of Charges/Review of Offences
  • 4.3 Trafficking Victims Who Commit Offences
  • 4.4 Obtaining Foreign Evidence/Assistance
  • 4.5 Pre-Trial Detention/Release
    • 4.5.1 Grounds for Detention
    • 4.5.2 Onus
    • 4.5.3 Preparation for the Bail Hearing
    • 4.5.4 Non-Communication Order upon Detention
    • 4.5.5 Conditions of Release
    • 4.5.6 Publication Bans During Bail Proceedings
  • 4.6 Post-Bail Hearing Considerations
    • 4.6.1 If Accused is Released
    • 4.6.2 If Accused is Detained
  • 4.7 The Jury Selection Process - Challenge for Cause
  • 4.8 Jury Instruction Relating to Trauma
  • 4.9 Testimonial Aids and Other Measures
  • 4.10 Publication Bans
  • 4.11 Preliminary Hearings
  • 4.12 Direct Indictments
  • 4.13 Responding to Common Defence Strategies
    • 4.13.1 Prior Inconsistent Statements
    • 4.13.2 General Attacks on Credibility
    • 4.13.3 Sexual History Evidence
  • 4.14 Proceeds of Crime and Offence-Related Property
    • 4.14.1 What Are the Proceeds of Crime?
    • 4.14.2 Forfeiture under the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act
• Chapter 5: Sentencing for Human Trafficking Offences
  • 5.1 Principles of Sentencing
  • 5.2 Denunciation
  • 5.3 Deterrence
  • 5.4 Separation
  • 5.5 Rehabilitation
  • 5.6 Reparation and Responsibility
  • 5.7 Other Sentencing Considerations
  • 5.8 Statutory Aggravating Factors
  • 5.9 Other Aggravating Factors
  • 5.10 Mitigating Factors
    • 5.10.1 First-time Offender
    • 5.10.2 Remorse or conduct following arrest/early guilty plea/cooperation with the police and prosecutor
    • 5.10.3 Offender was previously a victim of human trafficking
    • 5.10.4 Age
    • 5.10.5 Offender’s Background
    • 5.10.6 Victim Participation is Not Mitigating
  • 5.11 Specific Sentencing Considerations: Human Trafficking Cases under the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act
  • 5.12 Preparing for a Sentencing Hearing
    • 5.12.1 Prepare throughout investigative stage
    • 5.12.2 Submissions and Evidence at the Sentence Hearing
  • 5.13 The Role of the Victim at the Sentence Hearing
    • 5.13.1 Victim impact statements
    • 5.13.2 Harm to the Victim
    • 5.13.3 Victim Surcharge
  • 5.14 Restitution Orders
    • 5.14.1 Enforcement of Restitution Orders
  • 5.15 Probation Orders and Non-Communication Orders
  • 5.16 Other Ancillary Orders
• Chapter 6: Victim Services
  • 6.1 Victim Services
  • 6.2 Provincial Victim Service Programs
    • 6.2.1 British Columbia
    • 6.2.2 Alberta
    • 6.2.3 Saskatchewan
    • 6.2.4 Manitoba
    • 6.2.5 Ontario
    • 6.2.6 Québec
    • 6.2.7 New Brunswick
    • 6.2.8 Nova Scotia
    • 6.2.9 Newfoundland and Labrador
    • 6.2.10 Prince Edward Island
  • 6.3 The Territories
    • 6.3.1 Yukon
    • 6.3.2 Northwest Territories
    • 6.3.3 Nunavut
  • 6.4 Federal Services to Victims of Crime
    • 6.4.1 Correctional Service of Canada
    • 6.4.2 Parole Board of Canada
• Annex A
• Annex B: Sentencing Chart – Trafficking in Persons

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