An Overview of Non-Medical Use of Prescription Drugs and Criminal Justice Issues in Canada

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Table of Contents

• Executive Summary
• 1. Methodology
• 2. Epidemiology Of The Non-Medical Use of Prescription Drugs in Canada
  • 2.1. Prevalence of Non-Medical Use of Prescription Opioids (NMUPO)
    • 2.1.1. Introduction
    • 2.1.2. General Populations
    • 2.1.3. Street Drug User Populations
    • 2.1.4. Treatment Populations
  • 2.2. Prevalence of Non-Medical Use of Benzodiazepines (NMUBD)
    • 2.2.1. Introduction
    • 2.2.2. General Populations
    • 2.2.3. Street Drug User Populations
    • 2.2.4. Treatment Populations
• 3. Who is using prescription drugs non-medically (e.g. , gender, age, and socioeconomic differences)?
  • 3.1. Who is using prescription opioids non-medically?
    • 3.1.1. General Populations
    • 3.1.2. Street Drug User Populations
    • 3.1.3. Treatment Populations
  • 3.2. Who is using benzodiazepines non-medically?
    • 3.2.1. General Populations
• 4. How and under what circumstances are individuals obtaining prescription drugs for non-medical use? Are there links to organized crime or other criminal networks?
  • 4.1. Introduction
  • 4.2. How are prescription opioids obtained?
    • 4.2.1. Canadian Data
    • 4.2.2. US DATA
  • 4.3. How are benzodiazepines obtained?
    • 4.3.1. Canadian data
    • 4.3.2. US data
• 5. What are the health implications for those who use prescription drugs non-medically (e.g. , dependence, other illicit drug use, co-morbidity, treatment utilization)?
  • 5.1. NMUPO Health Risks
    • 5.1.1. Introduction
    • 5.1.2. Dependence
    • 5.1.3. Overdose
    • 5.1.4. Disease Risks
    • 5.1.5. Injuries
    • 5.1.6. Treatment and health services utilization
  • 5.2. NMUBD Health Risks
    • 5.2.1. Dependence
    • 5.2.2. Overdose
    • 5.2.3. BD and abuse/dependence of other substances
    • 5.2.4. Injuries
    • 5.2.5. Treatment and health services utilization
• 6. What are the societal implications of the increase in non-medical use of prescription drugs?
  • 6.1. Introduction
  • 6.2. Health
    • 6.2.1. Morbidity
    • 6.2.2. Mortality
  • 6.3. Crime
• 7. What are the criminal justice policy issues for addressing the non-medical use of prescription drugs?
• 8. Issues not addressed/Conclusions
• Reference List