Criminal Justice System's Response to Non-Disclosure of HIV

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Bibliography

Legislation

• Communicable Diseases Act, RSNL 1990, c C-26.
• Health Protection Act, SNS 2004, c 4.
• Health Protection and Promotion Act, RSO 1990, c H.7, s 39.
• Public Health Act, RSA 2000, c P-37.
• Public Health Act, SBC 2008, c 28.
• Public Health Act, RSPEI 1988, c P-30.1.
• Public Health Act, SNB 1998, c P-22.4
• Public Health Act, SQ 2001, c 60.
• Public Health Act, RSS 1994, c P-37.
• Reporting of Diseases and Conditions Regulation, Man Reg 37/2009.
• Reportable Disease Control Regulations, NWT Reg 128-2009.

Jurisprudence

• Krieger v Law Society of Alberta, 2002 SCC 65.
• R v Agnatuk-Mercier, [2001] OJ No 4729 (QL).
• R v Allen, 2012 BCSC 215; 2012 BCCA 377.
• R v Antonius, 2000 BCSC 429.
• R v Aziga, [2008] OJ no 4669 (QL); 2011 ONSC 4592.
• R v Beaudoin, 2016 ONCJ 803.
• R v Bear, 2011 MBQB 191; 2013 MBCA 96.
• R v Biron, [2014] QCCQ 8115.
• R v Bissette, [2017] ONCJ 545.
• R v Bitterman, 2005 ABPC 165.
• R v Boone, 2012 ONSC 441; 2016 ONCA 227.
• R v Boone, 2013 ONSC 79.
• R v Boone, 2016 ONSC 1626.
• R v Booth, [2005] ABPC 137.
• R v Brooks, [2006] AJ No 245 (QL).
• R v Bruneau, [2010] OJ No 4600 (QL).
• R v C.B., 2017 ONCJ 545.
• R v C. (J.T.), [2013] NSPC 105.
• R v Clarke, 2013 ONSC 3232.
• R v Courcy, [2017] QCCQ 4348.
• R v Cuerrier, [1998] 2 SCR 371.
• R v D.C., 2012 SCC 48.
• R v DeBlois, [2005] Carswell Ont 1551 (WL Can).
• R v Debnam, 2002 ABCA 222.
• R v Dionne, 2012 ABPC 261.
• R v Dowholis, 2016 ONCA 801.
• R v Dufresne, 2009 QCCQ 16249; 2010 QCCA 2212.
• R v Edwards, 2001 NSSC 80.
• R v F.S., 2004 ONCJ 230.
• R v Felix, 2010 ONCJ 322; 2010 ONCJ 654; 2013 ONCA 415.
• R v Flowers, [2014] ORBD No 3101 (QL); [2016] ORBD No 229 (QL); [2016] ORBD No 3096 (QL).
• R v Gowdy, 2014 ONCJ 592; 2014 ONCJ 696; 2016 ONCA 989.
• R v Hutchinson, 2014 SCC 19.
• R v Iamkhong, [2007] OJ No 3252 (QL); 2009 ONCA 478.
• R v Ifejika, 2006 ONCJ 356; Catholic Children’s Aid Society of Hamilton c I. (J.), [2006] OJ no 2299 (QL).
• R v Jacko, 2013 QCCQ 931.
• R v J.M., [2005] OJ No 5649 (QL); 2005 CarswellOnt 8297 (QL).
• R v JTC, 2013 NSPC 88; 2013 NSPC 105.
• R v Jackson, 2003 YKTC 32.
• R v Kaonga, [2008] CarswellMan 684 (WL Can).
• R v Kaotalok, 2013 NWTSC 36.
• R v Kidane Gebrejohannes, 2016 ABCA 205.
• R v Krouglov, 2017 ONCA 197.
• R v L (J.M.), 2007 BCPC 341.
• R v L (M), 2006 QCCQ 11242; 2010 QCCA 395.
• R v Lamirande, [2006] MJ No 223 (QL); 2006 MBCA 71.
• R v Leahy, 2006 BCPC 179.
• R v Leone, 2016 FC 980.
• R v Lesage, 2013 QCCQ 1951.
• R v Levac, 2009 QCCQ 4533.
• R v M (RP), [2000] MJ No 500 (QL).
• R v Mabior, 2012 SCC 47.
• R v McGregor, 2008 ONCA 831.
• R v Mekonnen, 2009 ONCJ 643; 2013 ONCA 414.
• R v Mercier, 2011 QCCQ 198.
• R v Miron, [2000] MJ no 500 (QL).
• R v Mumford, [2009] OJ no 1637 (QL); 2010 ONSC 5624.
• R v Murphy, [2013] CarswellOnt 11952 (WL Can).
• R v Murray, 2002 BCPC 203.
• R v Mzite, 2011 BCCA 267.
• R v N.D., 2006 QCCA 14; 2006 QCCA 15.
• R v Nduwayo, 2010 BCSC 1277; 2010 BCSC 1467; 2012 BCCA 281.
• R v Nelson, 2012 BCPC 348.
• R v Ngeruka, 2015 YKTC 10; 2015 YKTC 22.
• R v Nyandwi, 2014 ABPC 186.
• R v Nyoni, 2014 BCSC 1074; 2014 BCCA 106.
• R v P (J.D.), 2001 BCCA 341.
• R v Parenteau, 2010 ONSC 1500.
• R v Pelletier, 2011 SKQB 7; 2013 SKCA 107.
• R v Pottelberg, 2010 ONSC 5756.
• R v Ralph, 2014 ONSC 1376; 2014 ONSC 2800; 2014 ONSC 1072.
• R v Rollo, 2011 BCPC 283.
• R v S (KA), 2007 NSCA 119.
• R v Schenkels, 2016 MBQB 44; 2017 MBCA 62.
• R v Smith, 2004 BCPC 384; 2004 BCCA 657.
• R v Smith, [2007] SJ No 150 (QL); 2008 SKCA 61.
• R v Spooner, 2014 ONSC 7420.
• R v Thery, [2012] CarswellQue 9375 (WL Can).
• R v Thomas, 2011 ONSC 7136; 2012 ONSC 1201; 2015 ONCA 221.
• R v Thompson, 2016 NSSC 134; 2016 NSSC 257.
• R v Thompson, 2007 BCPC 192; 2008 BCCA 350.
• R v Tippeneskum, 2011 ONCJ 219.
• R v Trott, 2010 BCSC 766.
• R v Tshibamba Muntu, 2017 QCCQ 4299.
• R v U (J), 2011 ONCJ 457.
• R v WH, 2015 ONSC 6121; 2015 ONSC 3087.
• R v Washington, [2016] OJ no 3253 (QL).
• R v Walford, 2016 ONCA 355.
• R v Walkem, [2007] CarswellOnt 247 (WL Can).
• R v Ward, 2005 BCPC 630; 2006 BCCA 153.
• R v Wilcox, 2011 QCCQ 11007; 2014 QCCA 321; 2014 CSC 75.
• R v Williams, 2000 CarswellNfld 130 (WL Can); [2000] NJ no 166 (QL); 2001 NFCA 52; 2003 CSC 41.
• R v Williams, [2001] NJ no 169 (QL) (C Sup TNL); 2004 NLCA 24.
• R v Williams, 2006 ONCJ 484.
• R v Wright, 2009 BCCA 514.
• Re Mitchell, 2016 CarswellOnt 10925 (QL).

Secondary Material: Articles

• Adam, Barry et al, “Effects of the Criminalization of HIV Transmission in Cuerrier on Men Reporting Unprotected Sex with Men” (2008) 23:1-2 Canadian Journal of Law and Society 143.
  • “HIV positive people’s perspectives on Canadian criminal law and non-disclosure” (2016) 21:1 Canadian Journal of Law and Society 1.
  • “Impacts of criminalization on the everyday lives of people living with HIV in Canada” (2014) 11 Sexuality Research and Social Policy 39.
• Ahmed, Aziza et al., “Criminalising consensual sexual behaviour in the context of HIV: Consequences, evidence, and leadership” (2011) 6:3 Global Public Health 357.
• Arseniou, Stylianos, Aikaterini Arvaniti & Maria Samakouri. “HIV infection and depression” (2013) 68:2 Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 96;
• Azad, Y. “Developing guidance for HIV prosecutions: an example of harm reduction?” (2008) 13:1 HIV AIDS Policy L Rev 13.
• Becker et al, Association of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease Canada Position Statement, “The Use of Early Antiretroviral Therapy in HIV-infected Persons” (2015).
• Berger, Philip B. “Prosecuting for knowingly transmitting HIV is warranted” (2009) 180:13 CMAJ 1368.
• Bennett, David S. et al., “Shame among people living with HIV: a literature review” (2015) 28:1 AIDS Care 87.
• Bravo, P. et al., “Tough decisions faced by people living with HIV: a literature review of psychosocial problems” (2010) 12:2 AIDS Rev 76.
• Brenner, Bluma G et al, “High rates of forward transmission events after acute/early HIV-1 infection” (2007) 195:7 J Infect Dis 951.
• Brown, W, J Hanefeld & J Welsh. “Criminalising HIV transmission: Punishment without protection” (2009) 17: 34 Reproductive Health Matters 119.
• Buchanan, Kim Shayo. “When is HIV a Crime? Sexuality, Gender and Consent” (2014) 99 Minnesota Law Review 14.
• Burris, Scott, Edwin Cameron & Michaela Clayton. The Criminalization of HIV: Time for an Unambiguous Rejection of the Use of Criminal Law to Regulate the Sexual Behavior of those with and at Risk of HIV (2008).
• Burris, Scott et al., “Do criminal laws influence HIV risk behavior?” (2007) 39 Arizona State Law Journal 467.
• Canadian AIDS Society.
  • “HIV Transmission: Factors that Affect Biological Risk” (11 February 2013).
  • “HIV transmission: Guidelines for Assessing Risk” (2004) 5th ed.
• Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network.
  • “Addressing HIV Risk Behaviors: A role for Public Health Legislation Policy” (2013).
  • “Criminal Law & HIV Non-Disclosure in Canada” (2014).
  • “HIV non-disclosure and the criminal law: An analysis of two recent decisions of the Supreme Court of Canada R. v. Mabior, 2012 SCC 47 R. v. D.C., 2012 SCC 48” (2012).
  • “Responding to the criminalization of HIV transmission or exposure” (2015).
• Cheung, CC et al, “Reductions in all-cause and cause-specific mortality among HIV-infected individuals receiving antiretroviral therapy in British Columbia, Canada: 2001–2012” (2016) 17 HIV Medicine 694.
• Cowan, Sharon. “Offenses of Sex or Violence? Consent, Fraud, and HIV Transmission” (2014) 17:1 New Criminal Law Review 135.
• Craig, Elaine. “Personal Stare Decisis, HIV Non-disclosure, and the decision in Mabior” (2015) 53:1 Alberta Law Review 208.
• Daar, Eric & Katya Corado. “Condomless Sex with Virologically Suppressed HIV-Infected Individuals: How Safe is it?” (2016) 316:2 JAMA 149.
• Dej, Erin & Jennifer M. Kilty. “Criminalization Creep": A Brief Discussion of the Criminalization of HIV/AIDS Nondisclosure in Canada” (2012) 27:1 Canadian Journal of Law and Society 55.
• Drummond, Sarah L. “Criminalizing HIV Transmission and Exposure in Canada: A Public Health Evaluation” (2011) 19:2 Health Law Review 28.
• Flaherty, John. “Clarifying the Duty to Warn in HIV Transference Cases” (2008) 54 Crim. L.Q. 61.
• French, Martin. “Counselling anomie: clashing governmentalities of HIV criminalisation and prevention”. (2014) 25:4 Critical Public Health 373.
• Galletly, Carol L. & Steven D. Pinkerton.
  • “Conflicting messages: How criminal HIV disclosure laws undermine public health efforts to control the spread of HIV” (2006) 10:5 AIDS and Behavior 451;
  • “Preventing HIV Transmission via HIV Exposure Laws: Applying Logic and Mathematical Modeling to Compare Statutory Approaches to Penalizing Undisclosed Exposure to HIV” (2008) 36:3 J Law Med Ethics 577.
• Grant, Isabel.
  • “Rethinking Risk: The Relevance of Condoms and Viral Load in HIV Nondisclosure Prosecutions” (2009) 54 McGill LJ 389.
  • “The Boundaries of the Criminal Law: The Criminalization of the Non-Disclosure of HIV” (2008) 31 Dal LJ 123.
  • “The Over-Criminalization of Persons with HIV" online: (2013) 63:3 UTLJ 475.
• Grant, Isabel, Martha Shaffer & Alison Symington. “Focus: R v Mabior and R v DC” (2013) 63 UTLJ 462.
• Gonzalez, Jeffrey S et al., “Depression and HIV/AIDS Treatment Non-adherence: A Review and Meta-analysis” (2013) 58:2 J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 10.
• Harsono, Dini et al., “Criminalization of HIV Exposure: A Review of Empirical Studies in the United States” (2017) 21:1 AIDS and Behaviour 27.
• Hastings, Colin, Cécile Kazatchkine & Eric Mykhalovskiy, Information Sheet, HIV Criminalization in Canada: Key Trends and Patterns (17 March 2017), Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network.
• Hughes, David. “Condom Use, Viral Load and the Type of Sexual Activity as Defences to the Sexual Transmission of HIV” (2013) 77:2 The Journal of Criminal Law 136.
• Jain, Sachin & Kenneth H Mayer. “Practical guidance for nonoccupational postexposure prophylaxis to prevent HIV infection: an editorial review” (2014) 28:11 AIDS 1545.
• Jurgens, R et al., “Ten reasons to oppose the criminalization of HIV exposure or transmission” (2009) 17:34 Reproductive Health Matters 163.
• Kaplan, Margo. “Rethinking HIV-Exposure Crimes” (2012) 87:4 Indiana Law Journal 1517.
• Katz, Ingrid T et al., “Impact of HIV-related stigma on treatment adherence: systematic review and meta-synthesis” (2013) 16:2 Journal of the International AIDS Society 1.
• Kazatchkine, Cécile. "HIV Non-Disclosure and the Criminal Law: An Analysis of two Recent Decisions of the Supreme Court of Canada" (2013) 60 Crim L Q 30.
• Kazatchkine, Cécile & Sandra Ka Hon Chu. “We need to address the unique and complex issues of  Indigenous people living with HIV”, (10 April 2016) CATIE (Blog).
• Larcher, Akim Adé & Alison Symington. Criminals and Victims? The Impact of the Criminalization of HIV Non-Disclosure on African, Caribbean and Black Communities in Ontario (November 2010), online: Toronto: African and Caribbean Council on HIV/AIDS in Ontario.
• Lee, Sun Goo. “Criminal Law and HIV Testing: Empirical Analysis of How At-Risk Individuals Respond to the Law” (2015) 14:1 Yale Journal of Health Policy, law and Ethics 194.
• Loutfy, Mona et al,
  • “Canadian consensus statement on HIV and its transmission in the context of criminal law” (2014) 25:3 Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol 135.
  • “Systematic Review of HIV Transmission between Heterosexual Serodiscordant Couples where the HIV-Positive Partner Is Fully Suppressed on Antiretroviral Therapy” (2013) 8:12 PLOS ONE 1.
• Lowther, Keira et al., “Experience of persistent psychological symptoms and perceived stigma among people with HIV on antiretroviral therapy (ART): A systematic review” (2014) 51:8 International Journal of Nursing Studies 1171.
• MacKinnon, Emily & Constance Crompton. “The Gender of Lying: Feminist Perspectives on the Non-Disclosure of HIV Status” (2012) 45:2 UBC L Rev 407.
• McClelland, Alexander. Criminal Charges & Prosecutions Related to HIV Non-Disclosure, Transmission & Exposure: Impacts on The Lives of People Living with HIV. Doctorate Thesis, Concordia University,  (2017) [unpublished and dissertation under development]. 
• McIntosch, Roger C & Monica Rosselli. “Stress and Coping in Women Living with HIV: A Meta-Analytic Review” (2012) 16:8 AIDS and Behaviour 2144.
• Miller, James. “African immigrant damnation syndrome: The case of Charles Ssenyonga” (2005) 2:31 Sexuality Research & Social Policy 31.
• Eric Mykhalovskiy.
  • ‘‘The problem of ‘significant risk’: Exploring the public health impact of criminalizing HIV non-disclosure’’ (2011) 73:5 Social Science & Medicine 668. 
  • “The public health implications of HIV criminalization: past, current, and future research directions”, (2015) 25:4 Critical Public Health 373.
• Mykhalovskiy, Eric & Glenn Betteridge. “Who? What? Where? When? And with What Consequences? An Analysis of Criminal Cases of HIV Non-disclosure in Canada” (2012) 27:1 Canadian Journal of Law and Society 31.
• Mykhalovskiy, Eric et al., “‘Callous, Cold and Deliberately Duplicitous’: Racialization, Immigration and the Representation of HIV Criminalization in Canadian Mainstream Newspapers” (2016).
• Mykhalovskiy, Eric, Glenn Betteridge & David McLay. “HIV Non-Disclosure and the Criminal Law: Establishing Policy Options for Ontario”, (2010) at 52 CATIE.
• Nanni, Maria Giulia et al., “Depression in HIV Infected Patients: a Review” (2015) 17 Complex Medical-Psychiatric Issues 530.
• O’Byrne, Patrick. “The potential effects of a police announcement about an HIV nondisclosure: a case analysis” (2011) 12:1 Policy, Politics and Nursing Practice 53.
• O’Byrne, Patrick, Alyssa Bryan & Marie Roy. “HIV criminal prosecutions and public health: an examination of the empirical research” (2013) 39:2 Medical Humanities 1.
• Patrick O’Byrne et al., “Nondisclosure prosecutions and population health outcomes: examining HIV testing, HIV diagnoses, and the attitudes of men who have sex with men following nondisclosure prosecution media releases in Ottawa, Canada” (2013) 13 BMC Public Health 94.
• Patel, Pragna et al., “Estimating per-act HIV transmission risk: A systematic review”. (2014) AIDS 28:10 1509 at 1509.
• Persson, A. “I don’t blame that guy that gave it to me: contested discourses of victimisation and culpability in the narratives of heterosexual women infected with HIV” (2014) 26:2 AIDS Care 233.
• Persson A & C Newman. “Making monsters: heterosexuality, crime and race in recent Western media coverage of HIV” (2008) 30:4 Sociology of Health & Illness 632.
• Rabkin, Judith G. “HIV and depression: 2008 review and update” (2008) 5:4 Behavioral Aspects of HIV Management 163.
• Rawluk, Kevin. “HIV and Shared Responsibility: A Critical Evaluation of Mabior and DC” (2013) 22 Dalhousie Journal of Legal Studies 21.
• Robbins, G et al., “Predicting virologic failure in an HIV clinic” (2010) 1:50 Clin Infect Dis 2010 779.
• Rodger, J. Alison et al, “Sexual Activity without Condoms and Risk of HIV Transmission in Serodifferent Couples When the HIV-Positive Partner Is Using Suppressive Antiretroviral Therapy” (2016) 316:2 JAMA 171.
• Sawyer, Alexandra, Susan Ayers & Andy P Field. “Posttraumatic growth and adjustment among individuals with cancer or HIV/AIDS: A meta-analysis (2010) 30:4 Clinical Psychology Review 436.
• Skarbinski, Jacek et al, “Human Immunodeficiency Virus Transmission at Each Step of the Care Continuum in the United States” online: (2015) 175:4 JAMA Intern Med 588.
• Stewart, Hamish. “When Does Fraud Vitiate Consent? A Comment on R v Williams” (2005) 49 Criminal Law Quarterly 144.
• Symington, Alison.
  • “Injustice Amplified by HIV Non-Disclosure Ruling” (2013) 63 UTLJ 485.
  • “What Does Consent Really Mean? Rethinking HIV Non-Disclosure and Sexual Assault Law”, (25 February 2016), Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network.
• Tedaldi, Ellen M., Nancy L Minniti & Tracy Fischer. “HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders: The Relationship of HIV Infection with Physical and Social Comorbidities” (2015) 2015 BioMed Research International.
• Vandervort, Lucinda. “HIV, Fraud, Non-Disclosure, Consent and a Stark Choice: Mabior or Sexual Autonomy?” (2013) 60:2 Criminal Law Quarterly 301.
• Wainberg, M.A. “HIV transmission should be decriminalized: HIV prevention programs depend on it”. (2008) 5 Retrovirology 108.
• Waldman, Ari Ezra. “Exceptions: The Criminal Law's Illogical Approach to HIV-Related Aggravated Assaults” (2010) 18:3 Virginia Journal of Social Policy and the Law 550.
• Wilson, Ciann. “The Impact of the Criminalization of HIV Non-Disclosure on the Health and Human Rights of ‘Black’ Communities” (2015) 1 Health Tomorrow 109.
• Wood, LF et al., “The Oral Mucosa Immune Environment and Oral Transmission of HIV/SIV”. (2013) 254:1 Immunological reviews 34.

Government and Public Health Documents

• Alberta.
  • Alberta Health Services, The Blue Book: Standards for the Management and Evaluation of STI Clinic Clients, (July 2014).                
  • Alberta Health and Wellness, Public Health Notifiable Disease Management Guidelines, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), (January 2011).
  • Report by Alberta’s Chief Medical Officer of Health, HIV positive Individuals Who are Unwilling or Unable to Prevent the Spread of HIV in Alberta, (February 2015).
• British Columbia.
  • BC Centre for Disease Control, Communicable Disease Control Manual, Chapter 5 – Sexually Transmitted Infections, HIV Pre and Post Test Guidelines, (September 2011).
  • BC Centre for Disease Control, “Condom effectiveness - Fact sheet for public health personal” (2013).
  • BC Centre for Disease Control, “Frequently Asked Questions: Topic: Guidelines for Medical Health Officers: Approach to persons with HIV/AIDS who may pose a risk of harm to others”, (BC: BC BC Centre for Disease Control, “Guidelines for Medical Health Officers: Approach to people with HIV/AIDS who may pose a risk of harm to others”, (BC: BC Centre for Disease Control, 2010). Centre for Disease Control, January 24, 2011).
• British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, “HIV Monitoring Quarterly Report for British Columbia” (2015) Third Quarter.
• British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, “Therapeutic Guidelines for Antiretroviral (ARV) Treatment of Adult HIV Infection Canada” (September 2015).
• Canada.
  • Department of Justice Canada, “Restorative Justice Program Guidelines”, (Ottawa: Department of Justice, 2003).
  • Department of Justice Canada, “Values and Principles of Restorative Justice in Criminal Matters”, (Ottawa: Department of Justice, 2003).
  • Government of Canada, The Criminal Law in Canadian Society, (Ottawa: 1982).
  • Public Health Agency of Canada, Canadian Guidelines on Sexually Transmitted Infections, (2006).
  • Public Health Agency of Canada, “HIV and AIDS in Canada: Surveillance Report to December 31, 2014” (Ottawa: PHAC, 2014).
  • Public Health Agency of Canada, “HIV in Canada: Surveillance summary tables, 2014-2015” (Ottawa: PHAC, 2014-15).
  • Public Health Agency of Canada, HIV/AIDS Epi Updates, Chapter 3, HIV Testing and Surveillance Systems in Canada, (July 2010).
  • Public Health Agency of Canada, “HIV Transmission Risk: A Summary of Evidence”, (Ottawa: Public Health Agency of Canada, 2013).
  • Public Health Agency of Canada, “Persons who fail to disclose their HIV/AIDS status: Conclusions reached by an Expert Working Group” (2005) 31(5) Canada Communicable Disease Report.
  • Public Health Agency of Canada, “Population-Specific HIV/AIDS Status Report: People Living with HIV/AIDS” (Ottawa: PHAC, 2013).
  • Public Health Agency of Canada, “Summary: Estimates of HIV incidence, prevalence and proportion undiagnosed in Canada, 2014” (Ottawa: PHAC, 2014).
  • Public Health Agency of Canada, “Summary: Measuring Canada’s Progress on the 90-90-90 HIV Targets”, by Surveillance and Epidemiology Division Professional Guidelines and Public Health Practice Division Centre for Communicable Diseases and Infection Control (Ottawa: PHAC, 2017).
  • Statistics Canada, Table 102-0521 Deaths, by cause, Chapter I: Certain infectious and parasitic diseases (A00 to B99), age group and sex, Canada, CANSIM.
• Manitoba Communicable Disease Control Branch, Communicable Disease Management Protocol, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS), (February 2010).
• Manitoba’s Winnipeg Regional Health Authority, Managing HIV Non-Disclosure in Refusing (Unable or Unwilling) Clients, (2014).
  • Position Statement on Harm Reduction, (December 2016).
• National Collaborating Centre for Infectious Diseases. “Review of Provincial and Territorial Partner Notification Guidelines and Legislation for Sexually Transmitted and Blood Borne Infections”, (Winnipeg: National Collaborating Centre for Infectious Diseases, 2013).
• Ontario Advisory Committee on HIV and AIDS. “Reducing HIV Transmission by People With HIV Who Are Unwilling or Unable to Take Appropriate Precautions: An Update” (May 2002).
• Ontario.
  • Ontario HIV Epidemiologic Monitoring Unit, Number of HIV tests and positivity rate by year of test, Ontario, 1996 to 2013.
  • Guidelines for HIV Counselling and Testing, (March 2008).
  • Ontario Working Group on Criminal Law and HIV Exposure. “Ontario Minister’s Round Table: Exploring avenues to address problematic prosecutions against people living with HIV in Ontario” (5 December 2016).
• Consultation on Prosecutorial Guidelines for Ontario Cases Involving Non-disclosure of Sexually Transmitted Infections: Community Report and Recommendations to the Attorney General of Ontario, June 2011.
• News Release, “Latest News” (December 2016).
• Provincial Infectious Disease Advisory Committee, Sexually Transmitted Infections Case Management and Contact Tracing Best Practice Recommendations, (April 2009).
• Québec.
  • Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec. “Expert Consensus: Viral Load and the Risk of HIV Transmission”, (Québec: Institut aébec, 2014).
  • Guide québécois de dépistage des infections transmissibles sexuellement et par le sang, (April 2016).
• Saskatchewan.
  • Ministry of Health Population Health Branch. HIV Prevention and Control Program Report for 2015 (Saskatchewan: Ministry of Health, 2015).
  • eHealth Saskatchewan, Communicable Disease Control Manual, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV), (October 2015).
• Winnipeg. Winnipeg Regional Health Authority, “Position Statement on Harm Reduction” (Winnipeg: WRHA, December 2016).

Foreign Sources

• UK.
  • England and Wales, Crown Prosecution Service, The Policy for prosecuting cases involving the intentional or reckless sexual transmission of infection, (July 2011).
  • Crown Prosecution Service, Intentional or Reckless Sexual Transmission of Infection.
• UK. Scotland, Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service, Prosecution policy on the sexual transmission of infection, (May 2012).

International Materials

• Committee on the Elimination of Discretion against Women. Concluding observations on the combined eighth and ninth periodic reports of Canada, CEDAW/C/CAN/CO/8-9, 2016.
• Elliot, Richard. Criminal Law Public Health and HIV Transmission: A Policy Options Paper (2002) UNAIDS.
• Global Commission on HIV and the Law, Risks, Rights & Health, (2012).
• International Advisory Panel on HIV Care Continuum Optimization. IAPAC Guideline for Optimizing the HIV Care Continuum for Adults and Adolescents
• Inter-Parliamentary Union. Effective Laws to End HIV and AIDS: Next Steps for Parliaments, (2013).
• Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) and UNAIDS, International Guidelines on HIV/AIDS and Human Rights, (2006).
• UNAIDS.
  • Criminalisation of HIV Non-Disclosure, Exposure and Transmission: Background and Current Landscape, Background paper, February 2012.
  • Ending overly broad criminalization of HIV non-disclosure, exposure and transmission: Critical scientific, medical and legal considerations, JC2351E, May 2013.
• UNAIDS & UNDP.
  • Summary of Main Issues and Conclusions: International Consultations on the Criminalization of HIV Tranmisssion, (31 October – 2 November 2007).
  • The Gap Report (16 July 2014).
  • 90-90-90 An ambitious treatment target to help end the AIDS epidemic, JC2684, October 2014.
  • United Nations, Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), Concluding Observations on the Combined Eighth and Ninth Periodic Reports of Canada (2016).
  • World Health Organization. Draft global health sector strategies HIV, 2016-2021, WHO Doc A69/31 of 22 April 2016.
  • Draft global health sector strategies viral hepatitis, 2016-2021, WHO Doc A69/32 of 22 April 2016.
  • Draft global health sector strategies sexually transmitted infections, 2016-2021, WHO Doc A69/33 of 16 May 2016.

Other Materials

• Aids Action Now. Website. “Open Letter to Jane Philpott Minister of Health from AIDS ACTION NOW!” (11 October 2016).
  • Website, “Banner drop! Stop criminalizing people living with HIV!” (3 July 2016).
• Aids Community Care Montreal.
  • Website. “Home Page” (August 2017).
  • Trailer, “HIV is not a crime: Training Academy Video Documentary” (ACCM, 2017).
  • Arkell, C. Fact Sheet. “HIV treatment and an undetectable viral load to prevent HIV transmission” (CATIE, 2017).
  • Fact Sheet, “Oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP)” (CATIE, 2017).
  • Association of Iroquois & Allied Indians. Website. “Policy Areas” (August 2017).
• ATHENA. Online Release, “10 Reasons Why Criminalization of HIV Transmission Harms Women”.
• Bernard, EJ. “The evolution of global criminalisation norms: the role of the United States, HIV and the Criminal Law”, (2010) NAM.
• British Columbia. BC Centre for Disease Control. Website. “Programs: Chee Mamuk (Aboriginal Health)” (August 2017).
• Canadian Aboriginal AIDS Network. “Aboriginal Strategy on HIV/AIDS in Canada II: for First Nations, Inuit and Metis Peoples from 2009 to 2014” (March 2009).
• Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network.
  • “Consent: HIV Non-disclosure and sexual assault law” Online Documentary (Goldelox Production, 2016).
  • Fact Sheet, “Sex Offender Registries: Facts Sheet” (April 2017).
  • Information Sheet, “HIV Criminalization in Canada: Current Context & Advocacy” (16 December 2016).
  • “Positive Women: Exposing Injustice: What if you knew you could go to prison for something you couldn’t change?” Online Documentary (Goldelox Production, 2012).
  • News Release, “New Canadian Coalition to Reform HIV Criminalization Launched” (2 November 2016).
  • News Release, “UN Experts Make Historic Recommendations to Canada: End unjust HIV criminalization, repeal law restricting supervised consumption services, and implement needle and syringe programmes in prison” (18 November 2016).
  • Information Sheet, “Women and the Criminalization of HIV Non-Disclosure” (16 February 2017).
• Canadian Positive People Network. Website. “Resources” (August 2017).
• Carrier Sekani Family Services. Website. “Services” (August 2017).
• CATIE.
  • Prevention Statement, “CATIE Statement on the use of oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) as a highly effective strategy to prevent the sexual transmission of HIV” (March 2017).
  • Prevention Statement, “CATIE STATEMENT on the use of antiretroviral treatment (ART) to maintain an undetectable viral load as a highly effective strategy to prevent the sexual transmission of HIV” (March 2017).
  • “HIV in Canada: A primer for service providers” (April 2015).
• Coalition des Organismes Communautaires Québécois de Lutte Contre le SIDA.
  • “Criminalisation de l'exposition au VIH” VIH Info droits”.
  • “Position de la COCQ-SIIDA sur la criminalisation de l’exposition au VIH” (April, 2013).  
  • “VIH/sida et Maladies à déclaration obligatoire (MADO)” VIH Info droits.
• Elliott, Richard. “How everyone living with HIV in Canada became a potential criminal” (8 August 2017), XtraSpark.
• File Hills Qu’Appelle Tribal Council. Website. “Home”. (August 2017).
• Hastings, Colin, Cécile Kazatchkine & Eric Mykhalovskiy. Info Sheet, “HIV Criminalization in Canada: Key Trends and Patterns” Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network (17 March 2017).
• HIV & AIDS Legal Clinic Ontario & Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network.
  • “The criminalization of HIV non- disclosure: Recommendations for police”, Submissions to the Ontario Association of Chiefs of Police Diversity Committee (February 2013).
  • “Exploring Avenues to Address Problematic Prosecutions against People Living with HIV in Canada” (March 2017).
• HIV & AIDS Legal Clinic Ontario. “HIV and Criminal Law” (2014).
• International Community of Women Living with HIV (ICW). Position Paper, “Criminalization of Women
• Living with HIV: Non-Disclosure, Exposure, And Transmission” (May 2015).
  • Website. “10 Reasons Why Criminalization of HIV Exposure or Transmission Harms Women” (1 December 2009).
• Ka Ni Kanichihk Inc. Website. “Programs” (August 2017).
• Mill, Judy E et al, “Aborginal Women Living with HIV” (2008) 5:2 Pimatisiwin: A Journal of Aboriginal and
• Indigenous Community Health 151.
  • “Challenging Lifestyles: Aboriginal Men and Women Living with HIV”, online: (2008) 5:2
• Pimatisiwin: A Journal of Aboriginal and Indigenous Community Health 151.
• Native Women’s Shelter of Montreal. Website. “Projects & Programs” (August 2017).
• Nine Circle Community Health Centre. Website. “Programmes and Services” (August 2017).
• Ontario Aboriginal HIV/AIDS Strategy. “A Strategic Plan for the Years 2010 -2015” (July 2010).
• PARN. Website. “About PARN” (August 2017).
• PASAN. Website. “Home Page” (August 2017).
• Pauktuutit Inuit Women of Canada. “Inuit Five-Year Strategic Plan on Sexual Health 2010-2015” (2009).
• Positive Living North. Website. “Resources” (August 2017).
• Positive Living Society of British Columbia.
  • Website. “Home” (August 2017).
  • Position Paper, “The Need for New Charge Assessment Guideline: HIV Non-Disclosure in British Columbia” (11 June 2014).
  • “Notice: HIV Disclosure and Criminalization” (2012).
• Prevention Access Campaign, Consensus Statement, “Risk of Sexual Transmission of HIV from a person
• living with HIV Who has an undetectable viral load (6 July 2017).
• Red Rose HIV/AIDS Network. Website. “Publications” (August 2017).
• Shining Mountains Living Community Services. Website. “Programs & Funders” (August 2017).
• Tk’emlúps te Secwe̓pemc. Website. “Medical” (August 2017).
• Ts'ewulhtun Health Centre. Website. “Home” (August 2017).
• Two-Spirited People of the First Nations. Website. (August 2017).
• Two-Spirited People of Manitoba Inc. Website. “Home” (August 2017).
• Vancouver Native Health Society. Website. “Research” (August 2017).
• Wabano Centre for Aboriginal Health. Website. “Programs” (August 2017).
• Women’s Health in Women’s Hands. Website. “Research: Chronic Illnesses/Diseases: HIV/AIDS” (August 2017).

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