Criminal Justice System's Response to Non-Disclosure of HIV
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Secondary Material: Articles
- Adam, Barry et al, “Effects of the Criminalization of HIV Transmission in Cuerrier on Men Reporting Unprotected Sex with Men” (2008) 23:1-2 Canadian Journal of Law and Society 143.
- “HIV positive people’s perspectives on Canadian criminal law and non-disclosure” (2016) 21:1 Canadian Journal of Law and Society 1.
- “Impacts of criminalization on the everyday lives of people living with HIV in Canada” (2014) 11 Sexuality Research and Social Policy 39.
- Ahmed, Aziza et al., “Criminalising consensual sexual behaviour in the context of HIV: Consequences, evidence, and leadership” (2011) 6:3 Global Public Health 357.
- Arseniou, Stylianos, Aikaterini Arvaniti & Maria Samakouri. “HIV infection and depression” (2013) 68:2 Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 96;
- Azad, Y. “Developing guidance for HIV prosecutions: an example of harm reduction?” (2008) 13:1 HIV AIDS Policy L Rev 13.
- Becker et al, Association of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease Canada Position Statement, “The Use of Early Antiretroviral Therapy in HIV-infected Persons” (2015).
- Berger, Philip B. “Prosecuting for knowingly transmitting HIV is warranted” (2009) 180:13 CMAJ 1368.
- Bennett, David S. et al., “Shame among people living with HIV: a literature review” (2015) 28:1 AIDS Care 87.
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- Burris, Scott et al., “Do criminal laws influence HIV risk behavior?” (2007) 39 Arizona State Law Journal 467.
- Canadian AIDS Society.
- “HIV Transmission: Factors that Affect Biological Risk” (11 February 2013).
- “HIV transmission: Guidelines for Assessing Risk” (2004) 5th ed.
- Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network.
- “Addressing HIV Risk Behaviors: A role for Public Health Legislation Policy” (2013).
- “Criminal Law & HIV Non-Disclosure in Canada” (2014).
- “HIV non-disclosure and the criminal law: An analysis of two recent decisions of the Supreme Court of Canada R. v. Mabior, 2012 SCC 47 R. v. D.C., 2012 SCC 48” (2012).
- “Responding to the criminalization of HIV transmission or exposure” (2015).
- Cheung, CC et al, “Reductions in all-cause and cause-specific mortality among HIV-infected individuals receiving antiretroviral therapy in British Columbia, Canada: 2001–2012” (2016) 17 HIV Medicine 694.
- Cowan, Sharon. “Offenses of Sex or Violence? Consent, Fraud, and HIV Transmission” (2014) 17:1 New Criminal Law Review 135.
- Craig, Elaine. “Personal Stare Decisis, HIV Non-disclosure, and the decision in Mabior” (2015) 53:1 Alberta Law Review 208.
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- Flaherty, John. “Clarifying the Duty to Warn in HIV Transference Cases” (2008) 54 Crim. L.Q. 61.
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- Galletly, Carol L. & Steven D. Pinkerton.
- “Conflicting messages: How criminal HIV disclosure laws undermine public health efforts to control the spread of HIV” (2006) 10:5 AIDS and Behavior 451;
- “Preventing HIV Transmission via HIV Exposure Laws: Applying Logic and Mathematical Modeling to Compare Statutory Approaches to Penalizing Undisclosed Exposure to HIV” (2008) 36:3 J Law Med Ethics 577.
- Grant, Isabel.
- “Rethinking Risk: The Relevance of Condoms and Viral Load in HIV Nondisclosure Prosecutions” (2009) 54 McGill LJ 389.
- “The Boundaries of the Criminal Law: The Criminalization of the Non-Disclosure of HIV” (2008) 31 Dal LJ 123.
- “The Over-Criminalization of Persons with HIV" online: (2013) 63:3 UTLJ 475.
- Grant, Isabel, Martha Shaffer & Alison Symington. “Focus: R v Mabior and R v DC” (2013) 63 UTLJ 462.
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- Harsono, Dini et al., “Criminalization of HIV Exposure: A Review of Empirical Studies in the United States” (2017) 21:1 AIDS and Behaviour 27.
- Hastings, Colin, Cécile Kazatchkine & Eric Mykhalovskiy, Information Sheet, HIV Criminalization in Canada: Key Trends and Patterns (17 March 2017), Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network.
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- Eric Mykhalovskiy.
- ‘‘The problem of ‘significant risk’: Exploring the public health impact of criminalizing HIV non-disclosure’’ (2011) 73:5 Social Science & Medicine 668.
- “The public health implications of HIV criminalization: past, current, and future research directions”, (2015) 25:4 Critical Public Health 373.
- Mykhalovskiy, Eric & Glenn Betteridge. “Who? What? Where? When? And with What Consequences? An Analysis of Criminal Cases of HIV Non-disclosure in Canada” (2012) 27:1 Canadian Journal of Law and Society 31.
- Mykhalovskiy, Eric et al., “‘Callous, Cold and Deliberately Duplicitous’: Racialization, Immigration and the Representation of HIV Criminalization in Canadian Mainstream Newspapers” (2016).
- Mykhalovskiy, Eric, Glenn Betteridge & David McLay. “HIV Non-Disclosure and the Criminal Law: Establishing Policy Options for Ontario”, (2010) at 52 CATIE.
- Nanni, Maria Giulia et al., “Depression in HIV Infected Patients: a Review” (2015) 17 Complex Medical-Psychiatric Issues 530.
- O’Byrne, Patrick. “The potential effects of a police announcement about an HIV nondisclosure: a case analysis” (2011) 12:1 Policy, Politics and Nursing Practice 53.
- O’Byrne, Patrick, Alyssa Bryan & Marie Roy. “HIV criminal prosecutions and public health: an examination of the empirical research” (2013) 39:2 Medical Humanities 1.
- Patrick O’Byrne et al., “Nondisclosure prosecutions and population health outcomes: examining HIV testing, HIV diagnoses, and the attitudes of men who have sex with men following nondisclosure prosecution media releases in Ottawa, Canada” (2013) 13 BMC Public Health 94.
- Patel, Pragna et al., “Estimating per-act HIV transmission risk: A systematic review”. (2014) AIDS 28:10 1509 at 1509.
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- Persson A & C Newman. “Making monsters: heterosexuality, crime and race in recent Western media coverage of HIV” (2008) 30:4 Sociology of Health & Illness 632.
- Rabkin, Judith G. “HIV and depression: 2008 review and update” (2008) 5:4 Behavioral Aspects of HIV Management 163.
- Rawluk, Kevin. “HIV and Shared Responsibility: A Critical Evaluation of Mabior and DC” (2013) 22 Dalhousie Journal of Legal Studies 21.
- Robbins, G et al., “Predicting virologic failure in an HIV clinic” (2010) 1:50 Clin Infect Dis 2010 779.
- Rodger, J. Alison et al, “Sexual Activity without Condoms and Risk of HIV Transmission in Serodifferent Couples When the HIV-Positive Partner Is Using Suppressive Antiretroviral Therapy” (2016) 316:2 JAMA 171.
- Sawyer, Alexandra, Susan Ayers & Andy P Field. “Posttraumatic growth and adjustment among individuals with cancer or HIV/AIDS: A meta-analysis (2010) 30:4 Clinical Psychology Review 436.
- Skarbinski, Jacek et al, “Human Immunodeficiency Virus Transmission at Each Step of the Care Continuum in the United States” online: (2015) 175:4 JAMA Intern Med 588.
- Stewart, Hamish. “When Does Fraud Vitiate Consent? A Comment on R v Williams” (2005) 49 Criminal Law Quarterly 144.
- Symington, Alison.
- “Injustice Amplified by HIV Non-Disclosure Ruling” (2013) 63 UTLJ 485.
- “What Does Consent Really Mean? Rethinking HIV Non-Disclosure and Sexual Assault Law”, (25 February 2016), Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network.
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- Wainberg, M.A. “HIV transmission should be decriminalized: HIV prevention programs depend on it”. (2008) 5 Retrovirology 108.
- Waldman, Ari Ezra. “Exceptions: The Criminal Law's Illogical Approach to HIV-Related Aggravated Assaults” (2010) 18:3 Virginia Journal of Social Policy and the Law 550.
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Government and Public Health Documents
- Alberta.
- Alberta Health Services, The Blue Book: Standards for the Management and Evaluation of STI Clinic Clients, (July 2014).
- Alberta Health and Wellness, Public Health Notifiable Disease Management Guidelines, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), (January 2011).
- Report by Alberta’s Chief Medical Officer of Health, HIV positive Individuals Who are Unwilling or Unable to Prevent the Spread of HIV in Alberta, (February 2015).
- British Columbia.
- BC Centre for Disease Control, Communicable Disease Control Manual, Chapter 5 – Sexually Transmitted Infections, HIV Pre and Post Test Guidelines, (September 2011).
- BC Centre for Disease Control, “Condom effectiveness - Fact sheet for public health personal” (2013).
- BC Centre for Disease Control, “Frequently Asked Questions: Topic: Guidelines for Medical Health Officers: Approach to persons with HIV/AIDS who may pose a risk of harm to others”, (BC: BC BC Centre for Disease Control, “Guidelines for Medical Health Officers: Approach to people with HIV/AIDS who may pose a risk of harm to others”, (BC: BC Centre for Disease Control, 2010). Centre for Disease Control, January 24, 2011).
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, “HIV Monitoring Quarterly Report for British Columbia” (2015) Third Quarter.
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, “Therapeutic Guidelines for Antiretroviral (ARV) Treatment of Adult HIV Infection Canada” (September 2015).
- Canada.
- Department of Justice Canada, “Restorative Justice Program Guidelines”, (Ottawa: Department of Justice, 2003).
- Department of Justice Canada, “Values and Principles of Restorative Justice in Criminal Matters”, (Ottawa: Department of Justice, 2003).
- Government of Canada, The Criminal Law in Canadian Society, (Ottawa: 1982).
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Canadian Guidelines on Sexually Transmitted Infections, (2006).
- Public Health Agency of Canada, “HIV and AIDS in Canada: Surveillance Report to December 31, 2014” (Ottawa: PHAC, 2014).
- Public Health Agency of Canada, “HIV in Canada: Surveillance summary tables, 2014-2015” (Ottawa: PHAC, 2014-15).
- Public Health Agency of Canada, HIV/AIDS Epi Updates, Chapter 3, HIV Testing and Surveillance Systems in Canada, (July 2010).
- Public Health Agency of Canada, “HIV Transmission Risk: A Summary of Evidence”, (Ottawa: Public Health Agency of Canada, 2013).
- Public Health Agency of Canada, “Persons who fail to disclose their HIV/AIDS status: Conclusions reached by an Expert Working Group” (2005) 31(5) Canada Communicable Disease Report.
- Public Health Agency of Canada, “Population-Specific HIV/AIDS Status Report: People Living with HIV/AIDS” (Ottawa: PHAC, 2013).
- Public Health Agency of Canada, “Summary: Estimates of HIV incidence, prevalence and proportion undiagnosed in Canada, 2014” (Ottawa: PHAC, 2014).
- Public Health Agency of Canada, “Summary: Measuring Canada’s Progress on the 90-90-90 HIV Targets”, by Surveillance and Epidemiology Division Professional Guidelines and Public Health Practice Division Centre for Communicable Diseases and Infection Control (Ottawa: PHAC, 2017).
- Statistics Canada, Table 102-0521 Deaths, by cause, Chapter I: Certain infectious and parasitic diseases (A00 to B99), age group and sex, Canada, CANSIM.
- Manitoba Communicable Disease Control Branch, Communicable Disease Management Protocol, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS), (February 2010).
- Manitoba’s Winnipeg Regional Health Authority, Managing HIV Non-Disclosure in Refusing (Unable or Unwilling) Clients, (2014).
- Position Statement on Harm Reduction, (December 2016).
- National Collaborating Centre for Infectious Diseases. “Review of Provincial and Territorial Partner Notification Guidelines and Legislation for Sexually Transmitted and Blood Borne Infections”, (Winnipeg: National Collaborating Centre for Infectious Diseases, 2013).
- Ontario Advisory Committee on HIV and AIDS. “Reducing HIV Transmission by People With HIV Who Are Unwilling or Unable to Take Appropriate Precautions: An Update” (May 2002).
- Ontario.
- Ontario HIV Epidemiologic Monitoring Unit, Number of HIV tests and positivity rate by year of test, Ontario, 1996 to 2013.
- Guidelines for HIV Counselling and Testing, (March 2008).
- Ontario Working Group on Criminal Law and HIV Exposure. “Ontario Minister’s Round Table: Exploring avenues to address problematic prosecutions against people living with HIV in Ontario” (5 December 2016).
- Consultation on Prosecutorial Guidelines for Ontario Cases Involving Non-disclosure of Sexually Transmitted Infections: Community Report and Recommendations to the Attorney General of Ontario, June 2011.
- News Release, “Latest News” (December 2016).
- Provincial Infectious Disease Advisory Committee, Sexually Transmitted Infections Case Management and Contact Tracing Best Practice Recommendations, (April 2009).
- Québec.
- Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec. “Expert Consensus: Viral Load and the Risk of HIV Transmission”, (Québec: Institut aébec, 2014).
- Guide québécois de dépistage des infections transmissibles sexuellement et par le sang, (April 2016).
- Saskatchewan.
- Ministry of Health Population Health Branch. HIV Prevention and Control Program Report for 2015 (Saskatchewan: Ministry of Health, 2015).
- eHealth Saskatchewan, Communicable Disease Control Manual, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV), (October 2015).
- Winnipeg. Winnipeg Regional Health Authority, “Position Statement on Harm Reduction” (Winnipeg: WRHA, December 2016).
Foreign Sources
- UK.
- England and Wales, Crown Prosecution Service, The Policy for prosecuting cases involving the intentional or reckless sexual transmission of infection, (July 2011).
- Crown Prosecution Service, Intentional or Reckless Sexual Transmission of Infection.
- UK. Scotland, Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service, Prosecution policy on the sexual transmission of infection, (May 2012).
International Materials
- Committee on the Elimination of Discretion against Women. Concluding observations on the combined eighth and ninth periodic reports of Canada, CEDAW/C/CAN/CO/8-9, 2016.
- Elliot, Richard. Criminal Law Public Health and HIV Transmission: A Policy Options Paper (2002) UNAIDS.
- Global Commission on HIV and the Law, Risks, Rights & Health, (2012).
- International Advisory Panel on HIV Care Continuum Optimization. IAPAC Guideline for Optimizing the HIV Care Continuum for Adults and Adolescents
- Inter-Parliamentary Union. Effective Laws to End HIV and AIDS: Next Steps for Parliaments, (2013).
- Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) and UNAIDS, International Guidelines on HIV/AIDS and Human Rights, (2006).
- UNAIDS.
- Criminalisation of HIV Non-Disclosure, Exposure and Transmission: Background and Current Landscape, Background paper, February 2012.
- Ending overly broad criminalization of HIV non-disclosure, exposure and transmission: Critical scientific, medical and legal considerations, JC2351E, May 2013.
- UNAIDS & UNDP.
- Summary of Main Issues and Conclusions: International Consultations on the Criminalization of HIV Tranmisssion, (31 October – 2 November 2007).
- The Gap Report (16 July 2014).
- 90-90-90 An ambitious treatment target to help end the AIDS epidemic, JC2684, October 2014.
- United Nations, Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), Concluding Observations on the Combined Eighth and Ninth Periodic Reports of Canada (2016).
- World Health Organization. Draft global health sector strategies HIV, 2016-2021, WHO Doc A69/31 of 22 April 2016.
- Draft global health sector strategies viral hepatitis, 2016-2021, WHO Doc A69/32 of 22 April 2016.
- Draft global health sector strategies sexually transmitted infections, 2016-2021, WHO Doc A69/33 of 16 May 2016.
Other Materials
- Aids Action Now. Website. “Open Letter to Jane Philpott Minister of Health from AIDS ACTION NOW!” (11 October 2016).
- Website, “Banner drop! Stop criminalizing people living with HIV!” (3 July 2016).
- Aids Community Care Montreal.
- Website. “Home Page” (August 2017).
- Trailer, “HIV is not a crime: Training Academy Video Documentary” (ACCM, 2017).
- Arkell, C. Fact Sheet. “HIV treatment and an undetectable viral load to prevent HIV transmission” (CATIE, 2017).
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- Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network.
- “Consent: HIV Non-disclosure and sexual assault law” Online Documentary (Goldelox Production, 2016).
- Fact Sheet, “Sex Offender Registries: Facts Sheet” (April 2017).
- Information Sheet, “HIV Criminalization in Canada: Current Context & Advocacy” (16 December 2016).
- “Positive Women: Exposing Injustice: What if you knew you could go to prison for something you couldn’t change?” Online Documentary (Goldelox Production, 2012).
- News Release, “New Canadian Coalition to Reform HIV Criminalization Launched” (2 November 2016).
- News Release, “UN Experts Make Historic Recommendations to Canada: End unjust HIV criminalization, repeal law restricting supervised consumption services, and implement needle and syringe programmes in prison” (18 November 2016).
- Information Sheet, “Women and the Criminalization of HIV Non-Disclosure” (16 February 2017).
- Canadian Positive People Network. Website. “Resources” (August 2017).
- Carrier Sekani Family Services. Website. “Services” (August 2017).
- CATIE.
- Prevention Statement, “CATIE Statement on the use of oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) as a highly effective strategy to prevent the sexual transmission of HIV” (March 2017).
- Prevention Statement, “CATIE STATEMENT on the use of antiretroviral treatment (ART) to maintain an undetectable viral load as a highly effective strategy to prevent the sexual transmission of HIV” (March 2017).
- “HIV in Canada: A primer for service providers” (April 2015).
- Coalition des Organismes Communautaires Québécois de Lutte Contre le SIDA.
- “Criminalisation de l'exposition au VIH” VIH Info droits”.
- “Position de la COCQ-SIIDA sur la criminalisation de l’exposition au VIH” (April, 2013).
- “VIH/sida et Maladies à déclaration obligatoire (MADO)” VIH Info droits.
- Elliott, Richard. “How everyone living with HIV in Canada became a potential criminal” (8 August 2017), XtraSpark.
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- Hastings, Colin, Cécile Kazatchkine & Eric Mykhalovskiy. Info Sheet, “HIV Criminalization in Canada: Key Trends and Patterns” Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network (17 March 2017).
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