Annex B: Status of Action Plan measures
First Nations Priorities

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First Nations Priority 1

New fiscal relationship to support self-determination

• Link to TRC-CTAs: No
• Link to MMIWG-CFJs: No

Work completed to advance Action Plan measure in 2025-2026

Through the New Fiscal Relationship Grant, ISC provides eligible recipients with flexible and predictable funding for 28 core program areas. In 2025-26, eligibility for the grant was expanded to include First Nations-led service delivery entities. This year, 13 First Nations, 15 Tribal Councils, 2 health authorities and 1 education authority joined the grant, bringing the total number of recipients to 191 as of 2025-26. Through the New Fiscal Relationship Policy working group, ISC has also been undertaking exploratory scoping discussions with co-development partners including the Assembly of First Nations, First Nations Financial Management Board, and Aboriginal Financial Officers Association Canada on mutual accountability, a First Nations Auditor General, and a Fiscal Policy Institution.

Consultation and cooperation

• Occurred: Yes
• Opportunity for future consultation and cooperation: Yes

ISC regularly meets with partners: the Assembly of First Nations, First Nations Financial Management Board, and Aboriginal Financial Officers Association Canada through the New Fiscal Relationship Policy and New Fiscal Relationship Grant technical working groups. Through these groups, partners co-develop fiscal policy elements related to a new fiscal relationship and potential enhancements to the New Fiscal Relationship Grant. Working transparently and proactively with partners fosters trust and strengthens cooperation. This approach supports the co-development of decisions, respects and integrates diverse Indigenous knowledge systems, and upholds principles of transparency, reciprocity and mutual respect throughout the process. However, ISC has no dedicated funds to support co-development activities on the New Fiscal Relationship with partners.

Indigenous partner perspectives on implementation

No input was provided for this Action Plan measure.

Milestones

Other departments and agencies that contributed to this APM: None

First Nations Priority 2

Honouring pre-1975 treaties and treaty relationships

• Link to TRC-CTAs: Yes
• Link to MMIWG-CFJs: No

Work completed to advance Action Plan measure in 2025-2026

CIRNAC worked with interested pre-1975 Treaty partners to explore options for renewing Treaty relationships, including creating bilateral forums for Treaty implementation discussions. This work is supported through existing funding programs, such as those for rights-based negotiations and claim settlements, as there is no dedicated funding for this initiative. Additional funds would be required to engage on new proposals with pre-1975 Treaty partners.

Consultation and cooperation

• Occurred: Yes
• Opportunity for future consultation and cooperation: Yes

Ongoing rights-based discussions and negotiations with pre-1975 Treaty partners have included the honourable implementation of these Treaties, and some partners have shown interest in working with Canada on broad policy options for historic treaty implementation. However, funding has limited progress on these discussions. CIRNAC will continue to explore ways to support consultation and cooperation with pre-1975 Treaty partners to co-develop options for the honourable implementation of pre-1975 Treaties.

Indigenous partner perspectives on implementation

Many First Nation partners have called on the federal government to advance meaningful discussions regarding the implementation of historic treaties. They emphasize the importance of treaty relationships and the need to understand treaty implementation and UN Declaration implementation as mutually reinforcing. They urge the government to create a predictable forum outside of the Recognition of Indigenous Rights and Self-Determination Discussion Tables process, such as Annual Treaty Councils, for treaty nations and the Crown to review treaty implementation, set priorities, and track progress against shared commitments. They call on clear mandates as well as adequate and stable funding for historic treaty initiatives that reflect the needs of treaty partners, including tables, directorates, gatherings, cabinet directives, and institutions such as Offices of Treaty Commissioners. Adequate funding for First Nations to fully participate in advancing this Action Plan priority is also required. Diligent implementation of historic treaties would address areas such as cumulative effects, self-government, annuities and Natural Resources Transfer Agreement reform. Partners also noted that the next Action Plan should include specific deliverables to guide the implementation of treaty promises. Regarding the historic Peace and Friendship Treaties, partners emphasized the need for federal policies and programs to better account for their distinct nature and for the development of a dedicated negotiation framework to support their honourable implementation and renewal.

Milestones

No milestones were provided for this Action Plan measure.

Other departments and agencies that contributed to this APM: None

First Nations Priority 3

Specific Claims program and resolution process reforms

• Link to TRC-CTAs: Yes
• Link to MMIWG-CFJs: No

Work completed to advance Action Plan measure in 2025-2026

CIRNAC funded several engagement events with Indigenous organizations to support specific claims reform. Funding was also allocated to regional Indigenous partners to collect responses and make recommendations to CIRNAC.

Consultation and cooperation

• Occurred: Yes
• Opportunity for future consultation and cooperation: Yes

Further to engagement sessions facilitated in Fiscal 2024-25 regarding the specific claims reform, CIRNAC continues to welcome feedback from First Nations and First Nation organizations on the specific claims process.

Indigenous partner perspectives on implementation

One First Nation partner expressed deep concern with funding cuts to First Nations Claims Research Units across Canada. Adequate funding is required to undertake research and develop historic claims as well as to resolve them. Engagement with rights holders and regional organizations is highly recommended. Regional organizations are mandated by rights holders to undertake much of this work. First Nations with limited capacity may not otherwise be meaningfully engaged and consulted.

Milestones

No milestones were provided for this Action Plan measure.

Other departments and agencies that contributed to this APM: None

First Nations Priority 4

Collaboration on mechanisms and initiatives related to financial management

• Link to TRC-CTAs: Yes
• Link to MMIWG-CFJs: No

Work completed to advance Action Plan measure in 2025-2026

CIRNAC and First Nations Fiscal Management Act institutions have completed co-development of adaptation regulations enabling self‑governing and modern treaty partners to access pooled borrowing and eligible groups may request to be added to the Schedule of the Act to access certain provisions. Additionally, CIRNAC is co-developing legislative amendments to the Act to permit the First Nations Finance Authority to lend to Indigenous‑owned corporations to improve access for groups pursuing equity participation in economic and resource projects. CIRNAC worked with the First Nations Infrastructure Institute Technical Working Group to support a pilot initiative to operationalize the new Institute. While this pilot was successful, a source of funds is required to support the ongoing operations of the Institute CIRNAC. CIRNAC has continued to support developmental work on pooled insurance, investment services, and broader access to capital, including for Indigenous non-profit organizations. Additional funding may be required in future years for those initiatives.

Consultation and cooperation

• Occurred: Yes
• Opportunity for future consultation and cooperation: Yes

As noted above, CIRNAC maintains a close working relationship with the First Nations Fiscal Management Act institutions, holding periodic bilateral meetings at both working and executive levels to advance priorities and report on progress. The department noted that, because Indigenous partners are restricted from attending drafting sessions with JUS concerning the adaptation regulations, CIRNAC must serve as an intermediary between JUS and Indigenous partners, which leads to additional rounds of comments and extends the time required to draft the regulations. CIRNAC will continue to hold periodic bilateral meetings with institutions upholding the First Nations Fiscal Management Act to advance joint priorities and report on progress. New Indigenous partners may be engaged as work advances on pooled insurance, investment services, and access to capital initiatives.

Indigenous partner perspectives on implementation

No input was provided for this Action Plan measure.

Milestones

Other departments and agencies that contributed to this APM: None

First Nations Priority 5

Additions to Reserve Policy redesign

• Link to TRC-CTAs: No
• Link to MMIWG-CFJs: No

Work completed to advance Action Plan measure in 2025-2026

In 2025-26, CIRNAC completed its analysis of 1,300 recommendations provided by First Nations and partner organizations and published two reports. The first report, Additions to Reserve Policy Redesign: Insights from Engagement Reports, summarizes key themes captured in reports submitted by First Nations and partner organizations through a call for proposals. The second report, Pathways to Additions to Reserve Policy Reform: First Nation Voices in Action, provides a summary of CIRNAC's qualitative analysis of the recommendations on how best to redesign the Additions to Reserves policy.

In 2026-27, CIRNAC will finalize a first draft directly informed by the recommendations received through engagement and share it with First Nations for feedback. Once finalized, Indigenous Services Canada, with support from CIRNAC, will then lead the development of implementation Guidelines to support the full implementation of the redesigned Additions to Reserves Policy within 6 to 8 months of its approval.

Consultation and cooperation

• Occurred: Yes
• Opportunity for future consultation and cooperation: Yes

The department noted that it established a Technical Advisory Committee to provide input on the redesign of the Additions to Reserve Policy. The committee includes representatives from the Assembly of First Nations, the First Nations Land Management Resource Centre, National Aboriginal Land Managers Association, self-governing First Nations, and representatives from CIRNAC and Indigenous Services Canada. CIRNAC will continue to work with the Technical Advisory Committee to support the development of a new policy that reflects recommendations received from First Nations.

Once a first draft of the redesigned Additions to Reserve Policy is finalized, it will be made publicly available on the Department’s website and shared with all First Nations for feedback. To support this engagement, departmental officials will be available to meet, in person or virtually, with First Nations and partners to discuss the draft policy.

Indigenous partner perspectives on implementation

One First Nation partner expressed concern with departments using technical bodies to consult with and inform advice on legislation, policy and/or frameworks, particularly on matters that impact inherent and treaty rights. Legitimate and meaningful engagement with First Nations must be taken with and approved by First Nations leadership, not a Board. Engagement with rights holders and regional organizations is highly recommended. Regional organizations are mandated by rights holders to undertake much of this work. First Nations with limited capacity may not otherwise be meaningfully engaged and consulted.

Milestones

Other departments and agencies that contributed to this APM: None

First Nations Priority 6

Environmental integrity of reserve lands

• Link to TRC-CTAs: Yes
• Link to MMIWG-CFJs: No

Work completed to advance Action Plan measure in 2025-2026

ISC has supported the closure of 2,757 contaminated sites on reserve overall, as of March 31, 2025, reflecting an increase of 148 sites over the previous reporting period. In addition, the department advanced First Nations Waste Management Initiatives to reduce environmental risks and prevent future contamination. Within 2025-26, a Joint Table held regular engagement activities, including three in-person meetings across Canada, virtual meetings, and one community site visit aimed at supporting knowledge sharing and developing options to improve waste management practices and address unauthorized dumping on reserve lands. The draft report is targeted for publication in May or June 2026. By the start of 2025-26, 93 First Nations communities had implemented diversion programs, exceeding the program’s 2027–28 target of 60 communities. Funding of First Nations Waste Management initiatives also supported the participation of First Nations organizations in the Joint Table.

Consultation and cooperation

• Occurred: Yes
• Opportunity for future consultation and cooperation: Yes

As noted above, ISC advanced consultation and cooperation with Indigenous partners through the Joint Table on First Nations Waste Management in 2025-26. In addition, ISC works closely with the First Nations Waste Management Initiative’s National Advisory Committee, including at least one in-person meeting and several virtual meetings each year. The National Advisory Committee is a First Nation partner-led committee that provides strategic advice and direction on the implementation of the Waste Initiative. In 2024-25 and 2025-26, the department and the National Advisory Committee jointly supported the delivery of the National First Nations Solid Waste Conference, providing opportunities for collaboration with and between First Nations. The First Nations Waste Management Initiative will continue to work with First Nations communities in undertaking new waste diversion approaches that meet individual community needs and ensure the proper disposal of hazardous waste and plastics. National Advisory Committee engagement has been more frequent in 2025-26, as the committee is working on a policy paper to describe needs and priorities leading into program funding renewal in 2027-28.

Indigenous partner perspectives on implementation

Some partners noted that while this Action Plan measure makes reference to contamination prevention, they believe it could be strengthened to cite remediation plans, waste management infrastructure and ongoing operations and maintenance funding. Many First Nations continue to face challenges related to legacy contamination, inadequate waste disposal systems, and insufficient resources to manage and maintain essential water infrastructure. A comprehensive approach is needed that supports First Nations-led planning, environmental stewardship, capacity development, and sustainable waste management solutions on reserve lands, with funding that reflects community needs and supports long-term environmental and public health outcomes.

Milestones

No milestones were provided for this Action Plan measure.

Other departments and agencies that contributed to this APM: None

First Nations Priority 7

Indian Act registration and membership amendments through Bill C-38

• Link to TRC-CTAs: No
• Link to MMIWG-CFJs: Yes

Work completed to advance Action Plan measure in 2025-2026

Following extensive consultation, legislative amendments originally introduced as former Bill C-38 were reintroduced as Bill S‑2 after C‑38 died on the Order Paper in January 2025. Bill S‑2 progressed through the Senate with additional amendments from the Standing Senate Committee on Indigenous Peoples and reached first reading in the House of Commons in December 2025, with the BC Supreme Court granting an extension to implement it by April 30, 2026. Throughout this period, the Registration Reform Team has continued information sessions with rights holders and impacted individuals, while applications affected by the proposed amendments have been placed on hold.

Consultation and cooperation

• Occurred: No
• Opportunity for future consultation and cooperation: No

While ISC noted that no consultation and cooperation took place in 2025-26, extensive engagement took place on registration reform, including the 2018–19 Collaborative Process, work with First Nation partners on Bill S-2 (former Bill C‑38). Partners had expressed concern that the Bill did not fully address issues such as the second‑generation cut‑off, but the Senate amended Bill S‑2 in November 2025 to include this change. As the Bill moves through Parliament toward the April 30, 2026 implementation deadline, the ongoing Collaborative Process on the second‑generation cut‑off and section 10 voting thresholds may help support implementation of these solutions.

Indigenous partner perspectives on implementation

Some First Nation partners have shared that Bill S-2 offers a clear opportunity to correct discriminatory provisions in the Indian Act, ensuring impacted individuals can exercise their rights without going to court. In particular, this concerns Indigenous women who made the difficult choice not to marry a non-status man prior to the 1985 amendments to the Indian Act and who are still unable to transmit status to their grandchildren on the same basis as women who married a non-status man. It allows Canada to uphold its responsibilities, align federal laws with the Declaration, and take meaningful steps toward ending discrimination.

Milestones

Other departments and agencies that contributed to this APM: None

First Nations Priority 8

Broader registration and band membership reforms

• Link to TRC-CTAs: No
• Link to MMIWG-CFJs: Yes

Work completed to advance Action Plan measure in 2025-2026

In 2025-26, the Registration Reform and Engagement Team within ISC continued work on Phase 2 of the Collaborative Process on the Second-Generation Cut-Off and Section 10 Voting Thresholds, which included finalizing the Call for Proposals: Indigenous-led Options for Solutions, in which First Nations and Indigenous organizations proposed possible solutions, along with their economic, gendered, social, and other impacts in a final report. Final reports were submitted until the deadline of February 2026. These solutions and associated impacts were reviewed by the Registration Reform and Legal Solutions Committee and the analysis has been integrated in a Guide to support phase 2 of the Collaborative Process on the Second Generation Cut-off and Section 10 voting thresholds. Additional resources were finalized and published in 2025-26, including the report What We Heard: Indigenous Advisory Process Final Recommendations and Feedback detailing results from the Indigenous Advisory Process, and the Consultation Plan detailing Phase 2 of the Collaborative Process co-developed with the Indigenous Advisory Process.

Consultation and cooperation

• Occurred: Yes
• Opportunity for future consultation and cooperation: Yes

There are 56 partners that have received funding for the Call for Proposals: Indigenous-led Options for Solutions and provided their final reports in February 2026. An individual feedback form was also created and distributed to provide additional options for Rights-Holders and impacted individuals to participate in the Collaborative Process Phase 2, for which ISC have received over 400 responses. Engagement activities will occur over Summer 2026, and will advise on the path forward for addressing the second-generation cut-off, section 10 voting thresholds, and membership and citizenship beyond the Indian Act.

Indigenous partner perspectives on implementation

Some partners receiving funding to support the Collaborative Process on the Second-Generation Cut-off and Section 10 Voting Thresholds have reported the federal process was rushed and tightly controlled, with pressure exerted to modify the report and final recommendations. In their view, these conditions limited meaningful participation and undermined Indigenous self-determination and is not aligned with the principles of the Declaration, which affirms that Indigenous Peoples have the right to determine their own identity and membership. Additionally, some partners express interest in advancing work to move beyond the Indian Act but are unable to without an existing mandate or funding from Canada. Partners have also pointed to the need for Canada to recognize First Nation authority to assign status to their respective citizens, and would like to see Treaty cards reinstated, instead of status cards. They also pointed to inadequate funding provided to First Nations to participate in the reform process. Some partners expressed concern about the composition of the Indian Act Registration Reform and Legal Solutions Committee. In their view, the Committee should reflect a First Nation rightsholder process with representation from First Nation governments and organizations, not pan-Indigenous organizations that do not have jurisdiction over First Nation citizenship. Reforms to registration and membership must move beyond administrative amendments and support the recognition of First Nations’ inherent jurisdiction over citizenship and nationhood. Meaningful consultation and co-development with First Nations regarding the implementation of Bill S-2 and any future reforms to registration, membership, and citizenship are required. Meaningful consultation includes sustained resources, transparent timelines, the full participation of First Nations rights holders, and processes that are timely, effective, and aligned with the principle of free, prior and informed consent. Legislative changes must respect First Nations’ self-determination and support for the transition toward First Nations-controlled citizenship systems that reflect the unique laws. customs, traditions, and identities of each Nation. All registration and membership reforms must contribute to the broader goal of restoring First Nations’ jurisdiction, strengthening Nations, and fulfilling Canada’s Treaty and constitutional obligations.

Milestones

Other departments and agencies that contributed to this APM: None

First Nations Priority 9

Opt-in alternatives to Indian Act registration and membership

• Link to TRC-CTAs: Yes
• Link to MMIWG-CFJs: Yes

Work completed to advance Action Plan measure in 2025-2026

CIRNAC noted that work has focused on low-key, targeted engagement to support the collection of information to support the advancment of planning on the action plan measure. The department is utilizing a small amount of internal funding to support pre-engagement. Some funds have been provided to the Anishinaabe Nation in Treaty 2 Territory to fund and develop a "Debendaagoziiwin Inakonegewin" (The Treaty 2 Citizenship Law) and advance a proof-of-concept approach to First Nation Citizenship, in support of a broader initiative.

ISC sees First Nation Priority 7 and First Nation Priority 8 as significant stepping stones to address reforms within the Indian Act, prior to addressing this Action Plan measure and the transition away from the Indian Act and towards First Nation self-determination.

Consultation and cooperation

• Occurred: Yes
• Opportunity for future consultation and cooperation: Yes

CIRNAC provided the Anishinaabe Nation in Treaty 2 Territory a small amount of internal funding to support their work around control and ownership of citizenship outside of Indian Act Registration by developing their own Enrollment Scroll under the Debendaagoziiwin Inakonegewin. The proposed project will include engagement with 12 member nations to explore legislative and statutory options, identify any challenges and administrative processes required for the creation of an enrollment scroll using a treaty-based approach. There will also be an options paper on the co-development of "Anishinaabe Citizenship" including research in Indigenous laws, identity, and best practices in citizenship laws domestically and internationally as it related to nationhood. However, without access to funding, there are limited plans to engage First Nations beyond initial targeted engagement. Discussions are underway for CIRNAC to partner with ISC in response to the ISC-led work on Bill S-2 and their work on the Collaborative Process on the Second-Generation Cut-Off and Section 10 Voting Thresholds to further collect information to support moving away from Indian Act registration and membership to support First Nations Priority 9 during 2026-27.

ISC noted that work on Bill S-2 (former Bill C-38) and the Collaborative Process on the Second-Generation Cut-Off and Section 10 Voting Thresholds (see First Nations Priority 7 and First Nations Priority 8) is ongoing.

Indigenous partner perspectives on implementation

See input for First Nation Priority 7 and First Nation Priority 8 on Bill S-2 and broader reform initiatives.

Milestones

No milestones were provided for this Action Plan measure.

Other departments and agencies that contributed to this APM: None

First Nations Priority 10

First Nations policing legislation

• Link to TRC-CTAs: No
• Link to MMIWG-CFJs: Yes

Work completed to advance Action Plan measure in 2025-2026

The work that had been undertaken in previous years with First Nations, representative organizations, police services, as well as provincial and territorial partners, to recognize First Nations police services as essential services in a future federal legislation, has informed and guided the department’s program modernization efforts to better respond to the realities and needs of First Nations and Inuit communities and police services. For instance, PS has undertaken targeted program modernization efforts, including amendments in June 2025 and February 2026 of the Terms and Conditions of the First Nations and Inuit Policing Program.

Consultation and cooperation

• Occurred: No
• Opportunity for future consultation and cooperation: No

The department noted that no consultation and cooperation took place in the last fiscal year.

Indigenous partner perspectives on implementation

No input was provided for this Action Plan measure.

Milestones

No milestones were provided for this Action Plan measure.

Other departments and agencies that contributed to this APM: None

First Nations Priority 11

First Nations jurisdiction of on-reserve housing programs

• Link to TRC-CTAs: Yes
• Link to MMIWG-CFJs: Yes

Work completed to advance Action Plan measure in 2025-2026

In 2025-26, CMHC continued the transfer of care and control of CMHC-administered on-reserve housing programs and associated funding to First Nations. The term transfer, in this context, is a co-developed, community-driven process that supports First Nations assuming authority over the design, delivery, and management of programs, while maintaining Canada as an active partner in the interim. It is a collaborative shift supported by flexible, long-term arrangements, sufficient funding, and alignment with First Nations governance structures and cultural priorities. CMHC has prioritized preliminary research led by the Assembly of First Nations to explore potential transfer models and approaches. Indigenous partners have emphasized that adequate, predictable funding is essential to ensure the long-term sustainability and effectiveness of transferred programs. Therefore, stable program and engagement funding will need to be in place prior to engaging in formal transfer discussions. CMHC remains committed to advancing the work towards the transfer of care and control of housing programs on reserve and will continue to pursue the required funding in future cycles.

Consultation and cooperation

• Occurred: No
• Opportunity for future consultation and cooperation: Yes

CMHC noted that Indigenous Services Canada has a clear mandate in their enabling legislation to implement the gradual transfer of departmental responsibilities for housing to Indigenous organizations. While CMHC does not fall under this mandate, the Crown corporation is proactively taking steps based on a corporate commitment, pending a clear government mandate. To advance reconciliation, CMHC will collaborate with Housing, Infrastructure and Communities Canada (HICC), Indigenous Services Canada and Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada to particpate in transfer discussions with First Nations regarding the funding of housing programs delivered on reserve.

Early discussions with partners have underscored that successful transfer will depend on programs being reformed and sustainably funded to better respond to the diverse needs of First Nations communities. CMHC has been collaborating with the Assembly of First Nations to increase awareness of On-Reserve Non-Profit Housing Program, as a foundation for discussions on interim, more equitable funding allocation methodologies. This is a crucial first step before discussions on transfer of care and control can proceed.

Indigenous partner perspectives on implementation

No input was provided for this Action Plan measure.

Milestones

No milestones were provided for this Action Plan measure.

Other departments and agencies that contributed to this APM: None

First Nations Priority 12

First Nations increased control over health services delivery

• Link to TRC-CTAs: Yes
• Link to MMIWG-CFJs: Yes

Work completed to advance Action Plan measure in 2025-2026

In 2025-26, through Health Transformation, ISC collaborated closely with First Nations partners on six Health Transofrmation initiatives to build organizational capacity, support the design of governance models, undertake health systems planning, and draft Health Transformation-related agreements, and facilitate community engagement. Funding was directed toward the collaborative development of health service delivery models that reflect the specific needs, cultural frameworks, and priorities of participating First Nations. There are currently six Health Transformation initiatives continuing to progress covering 362 communities across Canada: Battleford Agency Tribal Council in Saskatchewan, Keewatinohk Inniniw Minoayawin Inc. and the Southern Chiefs’ Organization in Manitoba, Tajikeimɨk in Nova Scotia, Nishnawbe Aski Nation in Ontario, and the First Nations of Quebec and Labrador Health and Social Services Commission. Each group is working with Indigenous Services Canada and the provincial government on the development and implementation of governance agreements that will lead to Framework Agreements and transfer. The first Tripartite Framework Agreements are expected to be approved as early as 2027-28.

ISC also continued to serve as a governance partner within the British Columbia Tripartite First Nations health governance structure, along with the First Nations Health Authority and British Columbia Ministry of Health. In 2026-27, ISC is seeking to implement a renewed Canada Consolidated Contribution Agreement with the First Nations Health Authority, to update and streamline funding, reflecting the evolution of the partnership since transfer. Partners will also work to advance the 10-Year Strategy on the Social Determinants of Health; a tripartite strategy designed to improve the health of British Columbia First Nations through a more holistic approach.

Consultation and cooperation

• Occurred: Yes
• Opportunity for future consultation and cooperation: Yes

ISC noted that key activities in 2025-26 for this Action Plan measure include the creation of work and implementation plans with partners to track progress, sharing of templates and financial information to inform First Nation decision making, co-drafted Memorandums of Understanding and Agreements in Principle, and sharing of information on ISC programs and health supports, federal legislation and financial mechanisms, and extensive outreach to potential partners, especially provincial partners, whose representation is key to the success of the Health Transformation process. The department also noted that many First Nations are forced to be reactive in the health space as there are so many urgent and emergent health needs facing communities, as well as ongoing emergencies that impact health service delivery, such as the wildfires in Manitoba in the summer of 2025. As a result, delays arise in focusing on forward agenda and Health Transformation, even though communities continue to value this work.

Indigenous partner perspectives on implementation

One partner noted that, in 2025-26, attempts to secure meetings with lead departments were left unanswered for several months making it difficult to advance meaningful partnerships. Lack of funding to support health transformation work and advance partners' health-related mandates are also of concern. Another partner noted that non-environmental critical incidents, such as violent incidents in First Nations communities, need to be addressed as they have a significant impact on health and well-being.

Milestones

Other departments and agencies that contributed to this APM: None

First Nations Priority 13

First Nations health programs and services transfer

• Link to TRC-CTAs: Yes
• Link to MMIWG-CFJs: Yes

Work completed to advance Action Plan measure in 2025-2026

In 2025-26, through Health Transformation, ISC collaborated closely with First Nations partners on six Health Transformation initiatives to build organizational capacity, support the design of governance models, undertake health systems planning, and draft Health Transformation-related agreements, and facilitate community engagement. Funding was directed toward the collaborative development of health service delivery models that reflect the specific needs, cultural frameworks, and priorities of participating First Nations. There are currently six Health Transformation initiatives continuing to progress covering 362 communities across Canada: Battleford Agency Tribal Council in Saskatchewan, Keewatinohk Inniniw Minoayawin Inc. and the Southern Chiefs’ Organization in Manitoba, Tajikeimɨk in Nova Scotia, Nishnawbe Aski Nation in Ontario, and the First Nations of Quebec and Labrador Health and Social Services Commission. Each group is working with Indigenous Services Canada and the provincial government on the development and implementation of governance agreements that will lead to Framework Agreements and transfer. The first Tripartite Framework Agreements are expected to be approved as early as 2027-28.

ISC also continued to serve as a governance partner within the British Columbia Tripartite First Nations health governance structure, along with the First Nations Health Authority and British Columbia Ministry of Health. In 2026-27, ISC is seeking to implement a renewed Canada Consolidated Contribution Agreement with the First Nations Health Authority, to update and streamline funding, reflecting the evolution of the partnership since transfer. Partners will also work to advance the 10-Year Strategy on the Social Determinants of Health; a tripartite strategy designed to improve the health of British Columbia First Nations through a more holistic approach.

Consultation and cooperation

• Occurred: Yes
• Opportunity for future consultation and cooperation: Yes

ISC noted that key activities in 2025-26 for this Action Plan measure include the creation of work and implementation plans with partners to track progress, sharing of templates and financial information to inform First Nation decision making, co-drafted Memorandums of Understanding and Agreements in Principle, and sharing of information on ISC programs and health supports, federal legislation and financial mechanisms, and extensive outreach to potential partners, especially provincial partners, whose representation is key to the success of the Health Transformation process. The department also noted that many First Nations are forced to be reactive in the health space as there are so many urgent and emergent health needs facing communities, as well as ongoing emergencies that impact health service delivery, such as the wildfires in Manitoba in the summer of 2025. As a result, delays arise in focusing on forward agenda and Health Transformation, even though communities continue to value this work.

Indigenous partner perspectives on implementation

One partner noted that, in 2025-26, attempts to secure meetings with lead departments were left unanswered for several months making it difficult to advance meaningful partnerships. Lack of funding to support health transformation work and advance partners' health-related mandates are also of concern. Another partner recommended that data sharing agreements should be established that go beyond what may be provided for in Agreements-in-Principle.

Milestones

Other departments and agencies that contributed to this APM: None

First Nations Priority 14

Income Assistance program improvements on reserve

• Link to TRC-CTAs: No
• Link to MMIWG-CFJs: Yes

Work completed to advance Action Plan measure in 2025-2026

In 2025-26, the Income Assistance program began implementing new disability income supports for eligible clients in jurisdictions where these supports were not previously available (Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Atlantic). This will help low-income persons with disabilities on reserve cover essential living expenses, which are often higher for persons with disabilities. The program also implemented a national service delivery funding model, to be recalculated every 2 years, to provide consistent and equitable allocations across all regions and First Nations funding recipients. This new funding model helps to address the need to build capacity and improve the tools and services required in First Nations communities to better support individuals and families receiving Income Assistance. Lastly, the Income Assistance program also developed and implemented an interim national special needs funding formula for fiscal years 2024-25 and 2025-26, to support increased demand and ensure a more consistent approach to the allocation of special needs funding across regions. This new funding approach will begin to address the need to improve the adequacy of supports, as special needs funding allows program administrators to provide discretionary supports to help individuals and families receiving Income Assistance with their unique challenges or needs.

Consultation and cooperation

• Occurred: Yes
• Opportunity for future consultation and cooperation: Yes

ISC has continued to pursue incremental improvements to the on-reserve Income Assistance program in collaboration with First Nations partners, by participating in a long-standing co-development working group with the Assembly of First Nations. The Department has also collaborated with First Nation regional organizations and First Nations funding recipients to ensure the implementation of new programming is responsive to community needs. Collaboration is largely via ISC regional officials, including engagement with Maritime First Nations to support First Nation-led research, planning, and policy development. The department will continue to work closely with these partners to identify and implement improvements to the Income Assistance program.

Indigenous partner perspectives on implementation

No input was provided for this Action Plan measure.

Milestones

Other departments and agencies that contributed to this APM: None

First Nations Priority 15

Housing and infrastructure improvements on reserve

• Link to TRC-CTAs: No
• Link to MMIWG-CFJs: Yes

Work completed to advance Action Plan measure in 2025-2026

As of December 2025, ISC has invested $4.3 billion in targeted funds towards housing projects on-reserve, enabling First Nations to build and renovate 15,661 homes, with another 11,211 underway. The department has also supported 2,426 completed lot servicing and acquisitions, with another 2,871 underway. Further, this funding supported 1,615 completed projects toward capacity development and innovation, with another 1,260 underway. In 2025, ISC received the initial results from its support for capacity building, technical services, and training and certification. The department found that approximately 55 percent of First Nations now have housing plans, nearly 24 percent have housing managers, and over 21 percent are accessing training and certification. Effective planning and management supports communities to meet their needs and makes it more likely that existing housing stock will fulfill its life cycle.

Consultation and cooperation

• Occurred: Yes
• Opportunity for future consultation and cooperation: Yes

ISC noted that the Joint Working Group on Housing, Homelessness, and Related Infrastructure meets quarterly and is a forum used to discuss next steps on advancing a strategic approach to address housing and related infrastructure priorities. On a regional basis, the department works directly with First Nation partners to identify and advance community-based priorities using available funds. Quarterly meetings with the Joint Working Group are expected to continue in 2026-2027, and regional offices will continue to work with First Nations to advance community priorities. In Spring 2026, ISC will lead engagement with on-reserve First Nations on a proposed cross-government Indigenous Housing Strategy.

Indigenous partner perspectives on implementation

No input was provided for this Action Plan measure.

Milestones

No milestones were provided for this Action Plan measure.

Other departments and agencies that contributed to this APM: None

First Nations Priority 16

Lifting drinking water advisories

• Link to TRC-CTAs: No
• Link to MMIWG-CFJs: Yes

Work completed to advance Action Plan measure in 2025-2026

In 2025-26, 4 long-term drinking water advisories have been lifted. For example, on 24 December 2025, Miawpukek First Nation in Newfoundland lifted the drinking water advisory on their public water system, after completing upgrades and building a new booster pumping station. In addition, 29 short-term drinking water advisories were lifted. Since the commitment to end all long-term drinking water advisories was made (November 2015), First Nations have lifted 151 long-term drinking water advisories from public systems on reserve, as well as over 330 short-term drinking water advisories. The Government of Canada continues to partner with First Nations to lift all drinking water advisories on public systems on reserves as quickly as possible. At the time of reporting, 97 percent of public water systems on reserve meet the Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality. Budget 2025 committed to provide $2.3 billion over three years, starting in 2026-27, to renew the First Nations Water and Wastewater Enhanced Program. This funding will maintain progress on approximately 800 active projects, including those focused on ending remaining water advisories and preventing new ones by upgrading at-risk systems. Also, Budget 2021 provided $31.3 million in ongoing funding to sustain public health activities related to drinking water and wastewater at existing service levels. With this continued investment, ISC works in partnership with communities to monitor all water and wastewater systems, helping to identify and prevent potential public health risks.

Consultation and cooperation

• Occurred: Yes
• Opportunity for future consultation and cooperation: Yes

Every year, ISC partners with First Nations to build local expertise and capacity in drinking water and wastewater services management. ISC provided funding support to enhance the capacity and certification of First Nation water operators with the aim of lifting long-term drinking water advisories. The department’s key capacity building program is the Circuit Rider Training Program that provides training and mentoring services to operators of First Nations' drinking water and wastewater systems.

To help protect the health of residents, ISC also worked in partnership with First Nations to assist communities in verifying the monitoring of drinking water quality in all water systems at the tap, which included providing advice and guidance about drinking water safety and wastewater disposal.

ISC has noted that some First Nations have insufficient capacity to fully participate in initiatives underway in their communities and must prioritize their participation according to their own requirements. Long-standing historical mistrust between First Nations and the Government of Canada may also continue to impact relationships.

Indigenous partner perspectives on implementation

No input was provided for this Action Plan measure.

Milestones

No milestones were provided for this Action Plan measure.

Other departments and agencies that contributed to this APM: None

First Nations Priority 17

First Nations drinking water and wastewater legislation

• Link to TRC-CTAs: No
• Link to MMIWG-CFJs: Yes

Work completed to advance Action Plan measure in 2025-2026

In relation to the transfer of Water and Wastewater services, ISC has made progress on a number of initiatives, including the signing of a framework agreement with Weso’tmk Samqwan Incorporated initiative in New Brunswick, continued work on a service delivery model with the Southern Chiefs of Manitoba, and feasibility studies for water utilities in the Nishnawbe Aski Nations and Treaty 8 of Alberta. However, funding remains a challenge to support these initiatives and ended at the end of 2025-26. With respect to the water legislation, the Government of Canada has reiterated its commitment to introduce clean water legislation, as progress on the former Bill C-61 ended as a result of Parliament’s prorogation in January 2025.

Consultation and cooperation

• Occurred: Yes
• Opportunity for future consultation and cooperation: Yes

As noted above, ISC worked with a number of partners to advance service delivery transfer to First Nation organizations. First Nations leaders have called on the Government of Canada to bring forward lasting legislation for First Nation management over water and waste water. However, the department also noted that wildfires and other natural disasters delayed consultation and cooperation on initiatives, as leadership and communities were unavailable for engagements and the technicians leading these initiatives were overwhelmed with emergency management responsibilities. In addition, limitations on travel impeded developing new relationships as in-person meetings help to facilitate the development of trust between ISC and transfer partners.

Indigenous partner perspectives on implementation

No input was provided for this Action Plan measure.

Milestones

Other departments and agencies that contributed to this APM: None

First Nations Priority 18

Accessible Canada Act implementation on First Nations reserves

• Link to TRC-CTAs: Yes
• Link to MMIWG-CFJs: Yes

Work completed to advance Action Plan measure in 2025-2026

In 2025-26, ESDC collaborated with the Assembly of First Nations to build on past engagement with First Nations through their governance structures. Prior collaboration contributed to Assembly of First Nations led First Nations Accessibility Framework, providing a foundation for continued dialogue for First Nations priorities in accessibility. Respecting the September 2025 Chiefs in Council Resolution calling for the co-development of distinct First Nations accessibility legislation, ESDC extended the exemption of First Nations Band Councils from the Accessible Canada Act to 2033.

Given the Government of Canada’s fiduciary accountabilities, ESDC also coordinated internally with other federal departments, including Indigenous Services Canada (ISC) and Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada (CIRNAC), to align accessibility discussions with community‑level realities related to infrastructure, service delivery, and approaches to accessibility that align with First Nations priorities, knowledges systems and values. These activities help improve federal readiness to contribute to First Nations specific accessibility measures.

Consultation and cooperation

• Occurred: Yes
• Opportunity for future consultation and cooperation: Yes

The intersectional analysis, through ESDC’s collaboration with the Assembly of First Nations, was complemented by advocacy perspectives sought from other partners. Regular meetings supported collaborative discussions on key priorities, and some development of evergreen work plans outlining ongoing engagement activities.

Indigenous partner perspectives on implementation

One partner pointed to the need for more capital and infrastructure investments to ensure that First Nations can make accessible their public infrastructure. They also called for funding that is direct, sufficient and sustainable so that Indigenous peoples with disabilities can continue living within their Nations and ensure their full and meaningful involvement in implementation, monitoring and evaluation.

Milestones

No milestones were provided for this Action Plan measure.

Other departments and agencies that contributed to this APM: None

First Nations Priority 19

First Nations control of First Nations education

• Link to TRC-CTAs: Yes
• Link to MMIWG-CFJs: Yes

Work completed to advance Action Plan measure in 2025-2026

ISC continues to advance First Nations control of First Nations education, recognizing that education services designed and delivered directly by First Nations are crucial to supporting student success and closing education attainment gaps. First Nations partners are best placed to make decisions about their education priorities, including how best to allocate resources to address the unique needs of the students in their communities. As such, First Nations have the flexibility to determine how resources are allocated for all of their elementary and secondary education programming needs.

In 2025-26, ISC’s Elementary and Secondary Education Program provided funding to 541 First Nations-administered education programs across Canada, and supported approximately 120,500 First Nations students ordinarily resident on reserve to attend schools both on reserve and off reserve. Between 2016-17 and 2025-26, enrolment in First Nations-administered full-day kindergarten has increased by 115%. In 2025-26, 94% of students attending First Nations administered schools were taught at least one subject in a First Nations language, and approximately 95% of students were provided with culturally-based curriculum or land-based learning services. To date, 12 regional education agreements have been signed and ten remain active, supporting over 30,000 students across six provinces.

Consultation and cooperation

• Occurred: Yes
• Opportunity for future consultation and cooperation: Yes

In 2025-26, ISC continued to hold collaborative discussions with First Nations partners through regional technical tables to guide the implementation of the co-developed approach to education funding, and identify and address First Nations' education needs. Additionally, the Education Partnerships Program supports partnerships between First Nations education organizations and provincial or territorial systems, focusing on governance and service delivery. Capacity building is facilitated through funding and resources for training and technical assistance. Continuous dialogue is maintained to build trust and address issues, reflecting ISC's commitment to meaningful consultation and cooperation with First Nations partners.

Indigenous partner perspectives on implementation

Some partners indicated that engagement with the federal government related to this Action Plan Measure over the past year has been limited, citing stalled discussions, delayed responses to ministerial correspondence, and limited contact following Joint Education Technical Table meetings. They expressed the view that this Action Plan measure may not fully reflect the intent of the Declaration, particularly Article 14 concerning the right of First Nations to develop and control their own education systems. Some partners also suggested that the current emphasis on Regional Education Agreements may not sufficiently support nation-to-nation co-development or First Nations-designed education approaches. They emphisized that it would be helpful for the Government to invest in more effective communication and collaboration going forward, as this could assist in decision-making for any new funds that become available. Partners further noted that internal mandates and departmental processes pose challenges to advancing collaboration, and that the Action Plan measure’s focus on funding mechanisms may not fully capture broader considerations related to the rights and needs of First Nations children and communities, including adequate school infrastructure in communities. The first three years of implementation of the $1.1 billion Regional Education Agreement signed in 2022 with the First Nations Education Council of Quebec have produced encouraging results, including increased qualified staff, improved school attendance, stronger community engagement, and enhanced system capacity. Its potential renewal offers an opportunity to demonstrate continued commitment to the UN Declaration Act Action Plan and to support the next implementation period.

Milestones

No milestones were provided for this Action Plan measure.

Other departments and agencies that contributed to this APM: None

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